Foreign market entry strategies Essay

â€Å"Firms which participate in the business system as partners complement the company and its suppliers, thereby increasing the value to customers†. Explain your understanding of this view and provide examples to reinforce your arguments. For a company, entering new foreign markets may be achieved in a variety of ways. Each of these ways places its unique demands on the company in terms of organizational and financial resources. Most of the times, entering international markets is not a matter of choice but of necessity to remain competitive in new or established markets by meeting the consumer’ needs and values. The decision to go international represents an important commitment, to go into a new line of activity, this being the reason why it should be taken step by step: obtaining information, analyzing them, formulating alternative action plans, (Tookey, 1975) and of course find the right partners that match the company brand image and values. The international business system model is focused on the advantages determined by the internationalisation process and less on the development process of the internationalisation of companies. The main scope obtained by applying the Uppsala Model is predicting the company’s evolution on foreign markets. Two elements are at the basis of the model: the notion of essentiality attributed to the process and the notion of physical distance. The internationalisation of a multinational company takes place step by step, according to the Uppsala Model, which minimises the risks regarding the new market (Johanson; Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975). Therefore, the company is being involved gradually (investments, control and profit), getting to the point of creating a production subsidiary which ensures also the selling of the products on the new market. The stages of the internationalisation process are presented in Appendix 1. The concept of physical distance, the second element the Uppsala Model is based upon determines the companies to select, in a first stage, the neighbour countries in order to reduce the cultural, economical, political differences. According to this approach, the bigger the physical distance, the bigger is the incertitude about the new market and bigger the risks associated to this market. In the view of the globalisation phenomena, there are numerous criticisms about the â€Å"physical distance† notion. Many papers have developed the subject of the company’s internationalisation; a special place holds J. Birkinshaw who analysed the problems regarding the role of the subsidiaries and the evolution of the mandated in the internationalisation process at the multinational’s level. Therefore, Birkinshaw and Hoods (1998) have shown that creating a subsidiary can be explained on the basis of the interactions between the decisions of the mother-company, the initiatives o f the subsidiary and the specific conditions existing on the new market. The model developed by Birkinshaw (1997) is based on three variables: The relation headquarters – subsidiary; the subsidiary’s initiatives and the local environment. Regarding the internationalisation process, the company has more options (see Appendix 2) The first choice is represented by the development of the existing markets and it is being used by companies that are acting on highly competitive markets; the second choice – the company can choose to develop its activity on new markets, similar to the ones they are already acting on – in this case, they are usually choosing to export their products; the third strategy is developing a new line of products similar to the ones they already have and which will be sold on similar markets- in this case the company can choose between strategic alliances: creating a joint venture or licensing. . Management’s involvement in export operations is different, as we talk about passive exporters (when selling abroad is induced by the demand existing on the foreign market, meaning that the business is initiated by the importer) or active exporters (when the operation is initiated by the seller, which has an export strategy and a suitable business plan (Popa, 2006) From the operational point of view, exporters can be indirect exporters(with the participation of trading houses), when it isn’t necessary to create an organizational structure specific to the export activity or direct exporters, which is made by the producer, which is creating services or departments for international business. The determinants of export behaviour are experience and uncertainty effects; behavioural and firm-specific influences and strategic influences. 1. Experience and uncertainty effects Knowledge and learning regarding the exporting activity may be possessed or accumulated by the company in time. Experience has a key role, as firm’s involvement in international markets is most of the time a gradual process. During the early stages of exporting, firms have a more concentrated foreign market focus, while increased involvement in foreign market encourages diversification to a wider range of markets. As a firm’s knowledge of an export market increases, the uncertainty factor diminishes. This knowledge allows the identification of concrete opportunities, as distinct from theoretical that may be apparent from objective knowledge. 2. Behavioural and firm-specific influences Recent theories of exporting are strongly influenced by the behavioural theory of the firm, which stresses decision-maker characteristics, organizational dynamics and constraints, ignorance and uncertainty as key variables in decision making. Exporting has been described as a development process based on a learning sequence involving six stages Bilkey and Tesar, 1977): Stage 1: the firm is not interested in exporting Stage 2: the firm supplies unsolicited business, doesn’t examine the feasibility of active exporting Stage 3: the firm examines the feasibility of exporting in an active way Stage 4: experimental exports on neighbour countries Stage 5: the firm becomes an experienced exporter Stage 6: the firm explores the feasibility of exporting to additional countries of greater business distance. According to Welch (1982), the export commitment is influenced by four groups of factors (see figure 4): pre-export activities, direct export stimuli, latent influences on the firm and the role of the decision-maker. 3. Strategic influences The opinion among researchers and managers is divided on the issue of the relation between the firm size and export success. Still, the importance of a positive managerial attitude to exporting and the necessity of committing managerial and financial resources to the internationalization process are crucial to the success of the firm, irrespective of size. As a mode of international market entry, strategic alliances allow the firm (Bradley, 2002): †¢ Access to assets not readily available in the market †¢ Access to technology and markets †¢ The smaller firms can have access to technology and new products †¢ The larger firms can have access to markets †¢ Synergetic effects in the partner firms. Choosing the way to enter a foreign market represents an important part of the foreign direct investment strategy. The companies should select the new market, decide upon the types of operations that are about to be developed on these markets and decide the type of entry –green field investments, acquisitions, joint ventures. Choosing the way to enter a foreign market was also explained through cultural and national factors. Many studies have been concerned about this topic: †¢ Kogut and Singh (1988) after researches have concluded that a big cultural distance between the country of origin and the host country have as a result choosing joint ventures or green field investments. †¢ Gatignon and Anderson (1988) have shown that an important socio-cultural distance, measured with the help of the Index developed by Ronen and Shenkar (1985) – goes to the partial propriety right. †¢ Gatignon and Anderson (1988) have concluded that multinational companies avoid having 100% owned subsidiaries in high risk countries. †¢ Cho and Radmanabhan (1995) have shown that companies from Japan are not willing to make acquisitions in developing countries. Choosing the joint venture as a mechanism to enter new markets (especially the developing countries and the ones with centralised economy) is usual ly a second-best option for the companies from developed countries. Still, the companies show through this the major interest for the local market; the participation in the joint-venture could be qualified as a foreign direct investment. Many times, this mechanism represents the only way to be present on a certain market. Licensing in international markets: License is the purchase or sale by contract of product pr process technology, design and marketing expertise (Bradley, 2002). It involves the market contracting of knowledge and know-how. International licensing takes place when a company provides, for a certain fee-royalty, a technology needed by another company in order to operate a business in a foreign market. Licensing of this firm involves one or more of these elements: †¢ a brand name †¢ operations expertise †¢ manufacturing process technology †¢ access to patents †¢ trade secrets. Licensing may be attractive when host countries restrict imports or foreign direct investment, or when the market is small and when the prospects of technology feedback are high. Franchising to enter international markets: Franchising is a derivative of licensing. In franchising a business format is licensed, not a product or a technology. Trademarks, trade names, copyright, designs, patents, trade secrets and know-how may all be involved in different mixtures in the „package† to be licensed. Franchising is a form of marketing and distribution in which the franchisor grants an individual or company, the franchisee, the right to do business in a prescribed manner over a certain period of time, in a specified place (Ayling, 1986). A franchise is, according to International Franchise Association (IFA), the agreement or license between two legally independent parties which gives: †¢ a person or group of people (franchisee) the right to market a product or service using the trademark or trade name of another business (franchisor) †¢ the franchisee the right to market a product or service using the operating methods of the franchisor †¢ t he franchisee the obligation to pay the franchisor fees for These rights †¢ the franchisor has the obligation to provide rights and support to franchisees. Types of Franchises There are two main types of franchises: product distribution and business format. Product distribution franchises simply sell the franchisor’s products and are supplier-dealer relationships. In product distribution franchising, the franchisor licenses its trademark and logo to the franchisees but typically does not provide them with an entire system for running their business. The industries where you most often find this type of franchising are soft drink distributors, automobile dealers and gas stations. Some familiar product distribution franchises include: Pepsi, Exxon, Ford Motor Company. Although product distribution franchising represents the largest percentage of total retail sales, most franchises available today are business format opportunities. Business format franchises, on the other hand, not only use a franchisor’s product, service and trademark, but also the complete method to conduct the business itself, such as the marketing plan and operations manuals. Business format franchises are the most common type of franchise. The United States, today reported that the 10 most popular franchising opportunities are in these industries: fast food, retail, service, automotive, restaurants, maintenance, building and construction, retail—food, business services, lodging. The many advantages and disadvantages of owning a franchise should be carefully evaluated before deciding to purchase one. Throughout all these different foreign market entry strategies, by understanding every characteristic detailed we can conclude that partnership can be at the core of international marketing decisions and enable possibilities of internationalisation. Partnerships can be structured in various ways depending on their purpose. Wholly foreign-owned enterprises, non-equity/contractual/co-operative strategic alliances, equity strategic alliances/joint ventures, and franchises, are basic types of formal partnerships. There are numerous other types of informal partnerships including; joint marketing & promotion, joint selling or distribution, technology licensing, R & D contracts, design collaboration, production agreements, and other synergies. Consequently, the ideal partner in a business partnership is one that has resources, skills and assets and values which complement the company. The partnership has to work financially and contractually, but it is also essential that a partner’s areas of strength and weakness are known and that an assessment is made of what actions would be needed to achieve an appropriate level of operational fit between the cultures of the two organisations. To meet the market needs effectively and in a sustained way, the business partnership must be based on a systematic and transparent agreement between the client and the partners (common values). That agreement provides the basis for a partnership deal and has to be sufficiently strong to engage the sustained commitment of both parties but also sufficiently flexible to enable the partnership to be responsive to changes in market needs and conditions. Being at the forefront partners are an extension of the company capability, image and valu es perceived by the consumer, therefore, complement the company by increasing the value to customers. For instance, Sony is an international and reputed company for its high standards range of TVs. Today, within the UK market, Sony position itself as a seller of durable and high end products by practicing a selective distribution. Their products are mostly found at Sony Centres (Sony own shop) or PC Currys World, exclusive partner (distributor) chosen by Sony well known in the market and sharing similar values such as expertise in the audiovisual area or guarantee of quality products and services. It reflects well a relevant and consistent image of the values conveyed by both organisations to the customers.

Louis Wright

The United States of America is still seen by many other nationalities as a prime place to immigrate to as can be noticed by the current influx of new immigrants.   Although American ways have often been perceived by other people as distinct, Louis Wright’s article, The British Tradition in America in Retrospect, clearly shows that many of the attractive aspects of American culture are actually rooted in British tradition. These aspects such as cultural conservatism, the practical view of religion, moral justifications even of unethical issues, individualism, the business culture, good academic education, fashionability of the English language and the beautiful laws in the United States are all rooted in British culture. One of the most attractive aspects of American culture is the way it seems to break away from traditions.   Many immigrants, especially those from developing countries, find novelty in the creative ways that Americans have been able to remodel British traditions to make it look new or non-conformist. US culture seems to encourage the freedom of expression that many artists desire.   This freedom to create is usually limited in other countries because of its own traditions. Another very prominent aspect of American culture that generates interest among interested immigrants is its perspectives on how to practice religion based on logic and what is profitable instead of theoretical.   Although Americans believe themselves to have broken away from British conservative religious practice, the religion is still inherited from Britain. The implementation of religion in the U.S. is merely loose compared to the very strict and binding religion of the British because of the new found freedom that the early settlers realized they had. Although Puritanism has made moral justifications on unethical issues before, Puritanism’s origins are traceable to Britain.   The origins of this belief are rooted in the British culture and merely implemented on American soil. One very basic attitude that Americans and British have in common is individualism.   The â€Å"mind your own business† attitude is very attractive to other nationalities with many cultural family traditions that hinder individuals from completely achieving financial success. Developing countries mostly lack the business mind-set and are usually focused on familial ties and traditions.   The American emphasis on commerce and trade (which are also rooted in British character) shows interested immigrants that success is easier to achieve in the United States if one is willing to work hard for it. Another attractive aspect of the United States that is deeply rooted in its British heritage is education.   Many foreigners seek to educate themselves within the universities of the U.S. because the academic curricula are based on classical knowledge translated within the bounds of ethical and moral principles.   There are many Christian foreigners who fancy being educated in Harvard, Princeton, etc. because of the way these universities have been espousing great knowledge without totally going against spiritual beliefs. Another very powerful attraction to the American continent is its language.   American English, even if it is already very different from British language due to the influences of other nationalities is still fashionable almost all over the world. The American English language is a great communication tool among international students because of the many books written in this language.   The media has been able to popularize the American culture and with it, the language.   Many nationalities look up to their brothers who can master the American English tongue. Above all, the American laws that espouse freedom and human rights are very attractive to cultures that are troubled by political problems.   American laws, which have been derived from the British legal system, seem to encourage individual freedom and able to protect even the smallest individual from abuse.   Gay’s rights, right to choice and other laws show how liberal but protecting the American legal system can be and this can be very attractive to immigrants. American traditions and fashionable life is very popular because it always seems modern and novel to conservative cultures and developing countries.   However, if one would really take away the hype and understand things the way Louis Wright does, it will become obvious that American have simply developed British systems and made some improvements before they called it their own.   

BHS 499 (Computer & Information Systems) Module 4 SLP Essay - 2

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Dangerous Driving Habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Learning Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Community - Research Paper Example In prehistoric times, the women gathered firewood, honey and herbs for the family. In the modern community, occupations depend on the relevant skills acquired for different fields. This also depends on the production levels present in the society. However, segregation of duties largely depends on the stereotype of the community towards gender. In history, several women took up various social responsibilities. Merit Ptah from Egypt is one of the earliest known scientists and physician as well as Baranamtarra who was an influential queen of Lugalanda. In most other communities, women assumed roles based on their cultural setup2. Some issues affecting the female gender include health issues especially in regards to reproduction, gender equality. Maternal deaths occur when a woman is pregnant or during termination of a pregnancy. The World Health Organization records that about 99% of worldwide maternal deaths occur in the Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, which are developing nations3. The developed nations came up with reproductive rights and freedoms. These rights give women an avenue to have control over their sexuality responsibilities. This prevents them from being discriminated due to their femininism as well as violence occurrences. The rights also enforce equality in men and women relationships, sexually, mutual respect, shared responsibility for the consequences of sexual behaviour as well as giving full respect for each partner’s integrity4. These rights are said to be violated when a female is forced into sterilization, into or out of pregnancy. Enforced pregnancies occur as a result of lack of contraceptive or abortion facilities as well as inefficient sexual violence laws. An example of a case which dealt with women’s reproductive rights includes the Scheidler Vs. National Organization for women. In this case, NOW filed a case against individuals and institutions who allegedly opposed the

Richard III and Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Richard III and Shakespeare Essay In Richard III, Shakespeare draws its readers to participate in a fantasy of total control and domination. In the opening speech, Richard presents himself as a self-made villain, offering justification for his plans to execute the victims. However like every true villain, Richard has his henchman, Duke of Buckingham, who obeys his every whim and wish. As Richards co-conspirator, Buckinghams role in the play is important and he is termed by Richard as my other self. This slavish obedience was not free, as Richard promises him great reward for his evil support. As a conspirator, Bucking knew the detail of Richard’s countless murders, and above all Buckingham was the executer of Richard’s evil plans. As a result some historians have assumed that Buckingham was eyeing the throne of England, which is far from truth, even if we study his character from historical perspective. Historical Buckingham Duke of Buckingham was associated to the royal family in many ways through his daughters and sons. Buckinghams paternal grandfather was Humphrey Stafford, the 1st Duke of Buckingham, who was also the grandson and successor of Thomas of Woodstock, youngest son of Edward III, while his (paternal) grandmother Anne Neville was a granddaughter of John of Gaunt from his daughter side. His grandfather (maternal) Edmund Beaufort was a grandson of John of Gaunt, the youngest son of his son John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset. Buckinghams maternal grandmother Eleanor Beauchamp was descended from a daughter of William Marshal. Looking at this list of connections with royal family of England, some historian has assumed that, Buckingham had his eyes on throne. But the truth is, his chances of inheriting the throne were slim, despite the constant clashes among the Edward III lineage and in the houses of Lancaster and York. No doubt Buckingham was within unusual distance of the crown of England, his plotting of the throne of England is far from being plausible. Buckingham was born in 1454 during the reign of Henry VI, his father was killed at the first battle of St Albans in 1455, and his grandfather, the first Duke of Buckingham was killed in 1460, five years later. At the age of 11, he was acknowledged as Duke of Buckingham; and soon he became ward of the Queen Elizabeth Woodville. In the following year, he was forced to marry Catherine Woodville, the queen’s sister who was much older than him, which he hated all his life. After the death of Edward IV in 1483, Woodville’s tussled with Richard over the guardianship of the young Edward, Buckingham sided with Richard. As the parliament declared Edward V illegitimate and allowed Richard to ascend the throne and became Richard III. Buckingham supported Richard in the beginning, but later on associated himself with John Morton, Bishop of Ely, and his second cousin Henry Tudor against Richard in the war of succession. In 1483, this dispute grew, Henry Tudor tried to take the throne from Richard, Buckingham at this time was a stunch supoorter of Tudor, raised an army in Wales and marched against Richard to distract his attention. However Richard managed to put down the rebillion ,while Henrys ships were devsated by a storm which forced him to go back to Brittany. The storm also ruined Buckingham army, and the army desertated him, leaving him no way, but to escape in haste,however he was captured easily due to the bounty on his head. Richard convicted him of treason and he was beheaded in Salisbury without any delay Shakespeare Portrayal of Buckingham Shakespeare main source for writing the Richard III was Sir Thomas Moore’s History of Richard III, which reflects the caricature of Richard rather than the true Richard. It was but natural to portray Richard and his supporters as evil incarnate as the play demanded, Bucking was no exception. We must remember that Shakespeare was an entertainer rather than a historian, his aim was to create dramatic effect, which can be achieved by portraying the main characters as evil incarnate and he was successful in it. In the drama readers are introduced in (Act II) as Richard asks Buckingham to make him in his â€Å"unity†, Buckingham reply makes him happy. Shakespeare has depicted Buckingham as a crony, who in order to pleases his master cross all limits. In Act II, Elizabeth appears dishevelled and breaks the news that King is dead, Richard pretends to console her, while Bucking makes a false promise to bring Edward, Prince of Wales to London for coronation, instead the boys are taken to the Tower.. In the meantime Richard charges queen and Jane shore with sorcery and involves Hastings as well. Richard senses that Hastings is sympathetic towards the young king, which was enough suspicion to execute him. It seems Richard knew that Hastings could not trusted and was not trust worthy to confide him with his ultimate objective. Hasting is accused of plotting and without being given a chance for any explanation rushed to execution, despite being loyal to his master . It happens in front of Buckingham, but he feels no remorse nor any regret for the man who was innocently slaughtered. Soon Buckingham moves on Richard’s plan of convincing the London mayor and the citizens that Edwards IV sons are bastards and have no legitimacy to claim the throne. Buckinghams beats the drum of the wickedness of Edward IV, and his impure lineage (children). After spiting venom against the innocent children, he hears what he wanted to hear from the crowd King Richard! King Richard! which is accepted as an excuse for the allowing Richard to ascend the crown. Buckingham leads the aldermen and the chief citizens â€Å"in their best manner appareled† to Baynards Castle. Richard feigns that he has no idea, why have they come to him. Buckingham the lead player of the plot shouts up, imploring him to become king to fulfill people wishes. Richard pretends to reject their offer, but as the plan was devised successfully, Buckingham whispers, if Richard is unwilling, they have to find some one else. Richard in a show of great humility accepts the heavy burden of kingship. Buckingham continues to follow the whims of his master and orders Tyrrel to kill† those bastards† in the Tower and spreading the news that Lady Anee is dying. Buckingham does not hesitate for a moment to comply with the needs of his masters , aiding him in all his evil deeds. After becoming King Richard does not feel any more need of Buckingham and soon Buckingham falls from favour, especially when he reminds Richard of his promise of granting him earldom. Richard vehemently dismisses Buckingham and he switches his role from a sycophant to a rebel. Throughout the play Buckingham is playing the role of true sycophant, who does not hesitate to go to any limits as long it can please his master. Shakespeare has portrayed Buckingham as a chief agent and a henchman, who is born to conspire and please his master and get his blessings. This portrayal may not be historically accurate, but the accuracy was not an issue for Shakespeare. Being a dramatist he was writing for the sake of making business and entertainment, he has to portray what was easily comprehensible by the viewers in black and white. If the purpose is depicting evil, he would not hesitate to portray the hero of drama as evil as possible to create the dramatic effect, in which he was always successful. Shakespeare Characters According to Aristotle, â€Å"Character reveals personal choice, the kinds of things a man chooses or rejects which are not obvious†. Good characterization makes characters round and complex and larger than life to create realism in a pieace of literature. Modern historians find Buckingham portrayal as a distortion of historical truth, but Shakespeare was writing for entertainment, in which characters had to be larger than life. None of his plays were written for the sake of recording history accurately, but for entertainment and earning a livelihood. Richard’s is depicted in extreme to achieve maximum dramatic effect and so are all his villains, ultimate evil. In Aristotles treatment of character, a person acquires virtues through habitual behaviors and practices. The purpose of dramatis personae in tragedy is to teach the craft of ethical evaluation. Shakespeares characters are basically rhetoric or a linguistic agent, which expresses an important part of the truth about the world. According to Dryden, Shakespeare understood the passions of his characters and expressed them with certainty, subtlety and power. Shakespeares villains are born villains and evil to the core. For example Richard plans to usurp the throne by creating an opportunity, which did not exist. Shakespeare studied human beings very intimately and presented their inner most motives and thoughts in a simple and direct way. For example the opening scene of Othello characterizes Iago as a foul-mouthed sargeant with a malicious love for creating trouble and a hatred for Othello. The strength of Shakespeares plays lies in the absorbing stories they tell and in their wealth of complex characters with eloquent speeches depicted forcefully. Shakespeares characters are neither wholly good nor wholly evil, but it is their inconsistent nature that makes them memorable. In Twelfth Night, Viola is given the impossible task of delivering a message, while Olivia has banned all the visitors. Shakespeare creates a way perhaps by asking himself, how would a person deal in this situation, thus creating a unique way to see Viola meet Olivia. His characters do not appear out of nowhere, but are creation of the situation. For example the fatal flaw in Macbeth is ambition, but that’s not what Shakespeare shows to his audience, instead Macbeth is shown as an ordinary man, who is in an extra ordinary situation by sheer stroke of luck. Instead of becoming content at his success, Macbeth becomes restless and resorts to murder after murder to acquire the kingdom by all means possible. Othellos downfall is not because of jealousy, but it was the situation, which propelled him to behave in way, he behaved. Shakespearean characters have some motivation and the whole play revolves around it. For example Buckingham chief motivation was to gain rewards from the King, which kept him motivated, and he played on in all the events. It is assumed by the critics that his chief motivation was to become King, which is far from truth for the reason that even when he sided Tudor, he was still playing the role of a catalyst, rather than aspiring the throne. Its always motivation in one form or other, for example Macbeth is motivated by greed, Hamlet by ambition, and Shylock by revenge. It is often the crisis and dilemma, which shows the best of Shakespeare’s characters. The dilemma for Macbeth is, should he kill Duncan, for Othello the decisive matter is, whether Desdemona has actually been unfaithful? Hamlet is obsessed with the pain of indecisiveness and he cannot decide to kill or not to kill. For Buckingham once rejected by King, it was but natural not to trust him anymore, especially when the whole course of events were made possible by him. Had these character acted contrary to the their natural evolution, they would have looked factious and unrealistic and Shakespeare as writer would have died long ago. Shakespeares stories are situational and his characters evolve throughout the play. The protagonist in his plays do not stop but keep on evolving which keeps the audience enthralled till the end. Buckingham was unknown till Act II, and it is often hard for audience to consider him a major player in the series of events, soon he over takes the other supporting roles and in liaison with Richard untangles the web of conspiracies keeping the audience enthralled by his evil performance, which continues till the end of play. Buckingham was a man living in shadow till he finds Richard; combination of these two evil characters is a perfect prescription for a memorable play. There is no doubt, Shakespeare would have studied the history related to Richard and Buckingham era, but the question is not the historical accuracy of the Richards era, but rather assessing, how much Shakespeare is successful as a dramatist. For a modern reader it little matters, where does Buckingham stand in the course of history, but its Shakespeare’s pen, which made Buckingham immortal in history. Looking at the Richard III as a historical play, there is no doubt that Richard III is the image of an evil king among all his historical plays, and Buckingham as a major catalyst leads the events to its natural end. Conclusion Before Richard came into power, he needed supporters to achieve his political agenda, Duke of Buckingham proved to be the perfect man to execute his biddings. One reason was that during the service of Queen, Buckingham was not given enough attention and excluded from the royal patronage; Richard not only gave him attention, but also delegated royal authority. It was natural for Buckingham to be loyal and prove his loyalty by offering unflinching support, especially when Richard increase in power meant increase in his power. Moore presents Buckingham as a god-fearing figure who was brutal in his ambition, splendid in duplicity, yet lacking in substance. According to him, Buckingham was a fearful man, who was convinced by playing in Richard’s hand, that he has offended the young Edward V. Bucking feels, he is in danger, Should Edward assume power. However Buckingham knows that opposing Richard is playing with fire, as Richard was ruthless in dealing. However Moore tells, he repented his wrong doings and sided Tudor due to principal not out of personal greed. It is true that no one received as many favours as Buckingham due to which contemporary writers suspect that Bucking owned enormous powers and was planning to usurp throne for himself. But the truth is Richard was a man, who could not be stopped at any thing to reach his ambition. All his life, Richard has betrayed the people who were his relatives by blood. He used his supporters Hastings and Buckingham and then deserted them on lame excuses. After the study of Buckingham history, it is clear that Bucking did not have the capacity to overthrow the King. The families contesting for throne of England were powerful related to each other by blood; Buckingham could not reach their status. He could only win power and prestige by siding in this war of succession, which he honestly did all his life. Shakespeare may have portrayed Buckingham a bit more evil, who would go to any limits to please his master, still its not that far away for the true Buckingham, who supported Richard as long all his life and later on supported Tudors. However we cannot blame Buckingham for being involved in the royal tussle, as this is what noblemen of his times used to do to reach the zenith of the court life. Reference: Stewart (1949), Character and Motive in Shakespeare: Some Recent Appraisals Examined, Longmann. Bristol, Michael D (2003), Reading Shakespeares Characters: Rhetoric, Ethics, and Identity Christy. H (1994), Hamlet and the Concept of Character, Shakespeare Quarterly Summer Vol. 45. Richard III (2003), A Guide to the Utah Shakespearean Festival Insights. The Life and Death of King Richard III (2005), Wikopedia.

Determination of Heat of Solution Essay Example for Free

Determination of Heat of Solution Essay ABSTRACT Thermodynamic values can be determined using the Vant Hoff isochore method. This method entails the use of equilibrium systems to determine the change in enthalpy of the solution, which can b related to the change in internal energy of the solution. The vant Hoff isochore relates the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction at one temperature to the equilibrium constant of the same reaction at a different temperature, allowing it to be worked out for all temperatures if it is known for one. The experiment used the solution of toluene and naphthalene to determine the change in enthalpy. The mole fractions and the tempterature of recrylstallizations were graphed and the slope was determined. From the slope the change in enthalpy was determined to be 3.45J. This implies that energy is absorbed by the system. INTRODUCTION Solutions are very common in nature and in the chemistry lab. They provide the environment in which many chemical reactions occur. Thus, in the chemistry classroom and lab, we are immensely interested in solutions, especially liquid solutions. Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures of pure substances in which no precipitation or settling occurs. We often think of solutions as liquids, but we can have solutions of solids (alloys), gases (air is a solution of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and a number of other gases), and a combination of states such as liquid and solid metals (amalgams) and liquids and gases (nitrogen in the blood, carbonated beverages). The ease of dissolution is dependent on two factors: (1) the change in disorder or randomness (entropy) of the system and (2) the change in the energy of the process (heat of solution). The process is generally favored when the degree of randomness increases and the energy of the system decreases (exothermic). When dissolut ion occur the entropy of the system increases. For example, the ions in crystals are highly ordered. Once dissolved, these same ions in solution are relatively disordered. When a polymer is dissolved in a solvent, the heat measured is a sum of a polymer-solvent interaction term and a term related to the structure that existed in the solid polymer relative to its amorphous liquid state. This latter contribution, termed the â€Å"residual† heat, can have an endothermic contribution due to the fusion of crystalline regions and an exothermic contribution due to the disruption of structure in noncrystalline amorphous regions. Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. Chemically it is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, i.e. one in which a single hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent. Like other solvents, toluene is sometimes also used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties; however, this can potentially cause sever e neurological harm. Figure 1: Structure of Toluene Naphthalene, also known as naphthalin, bicyclo[4.4.0]deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentene or antimite is a crystalline, aromatic, white, solid hydrocarbon with formula C10H8 and the structure of two fused benzene rings. It is best known as the traditional, primary ingredient of mothballs. It is volatile, forming a flammable vapor, and readily sublimes at room temperature, producing a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass. Figure 2: Structure of Naphthalene EXPERIMENTAL A. Compounds tested Naphthalene, Toluene B. Procedures An accurate quantity of 15 g of naphthalene was weighed and placed into a test tube. An accurately measured volume of 5mL of toluene was also added. The stopper, thermometer, and stirrer were fitted in the set-up. The test tube was warmed in a water bath until all the solute was dissolved. The solution was allowed to cool in air, and was stirred continuously until an appearance of a solid was observed. The temperature at which the solid was observed was also recorded. Warming the mixture until the entire solid was re-dissolved and allowing the solution to be cooled in air also did a second determination. Another 1mL of toluene was added and steps 3 to 5 were repeated. Another four more 1mL portions of toluene were also added. The mole fractions were determined and graphed with the temperature of recrystallization. From the graph, the slope was determined and from the value of the slope, the enthalpy change of the solution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The mole fraction of the naphthalene to the toluene was determined and the temperature at which is recrystallized is tabulated below: Table 1: Mole Fraction and temperature of recrystallization Mole fraction| Temp.| 0.45| 67| 0.41| 60| 0.37| 59| 0.34| 56| 0.31| 56| 0.29| 54| Besides calorimetric method of analysis, using the equilibrium system may also be utilized to determine thermodynamic values. This is dependent to the enthalpy change. The mole fraction also interferes with the equilibrium system. Changes in the mole fraction will cause the equilibrium system to shift from one form to another. The process is in isochore, denoting no change in volume. The volume of the naphthalene is not diminished in the process of the experiment. The change in enthalpy is determined by determining the slope of the graph between the inverse of the emperature and the mole fraction. Figure3: Graph of Mole fraction versus the inverse of the recrystallization temperature From the grpah above, there is an inverse relationship between the recrystallization temperature and the mole fraction of naphthalene. As the mole fraction of the naphthalene is decreased, the inverse of the temperature of crystallization is increased. From the slope of the graph, we are able to determine the enthalpy change of the solution. Using the formula: Figure 4: Equation for enthalpy change From the equation above the determined enthalpy change is 3.45 J. Since the enthalpy change is a positive value the transfer of energy is towards the system. REFERENCES [1] Rossotti and H. Rossotti, The Determination of Stability Constants, McGraw-Hill, 1961 [2] Atkins, Peter; De Paula, Julio (2006-03-10). Physical Chemistry (8th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 212. [3] NonLinear vant hoff solubility. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6T7W-479CM6F-3M_user=10_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1984_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1474224563_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=bc9cac9220a53d018a21b381170d2732searchtype=a. taken September 28, 2010 [4] Vant Hoff Isochore. http://www.scenta.co.uk/tcaep/nonxml/science/equations/details/vant%20Hoff%20isochore.htm taken September 28, 2010.

Rising Concern On Environmental Issues Marketing Essay

Rising Concern On Environmental Issues Marketing Essay There has been a rising concern on environmental issues worldwide nowadays. Ministry of foreign affairs statistic shows that over the years, the temperature has been rise because of carbon dioxide trapped and green house gases have affected the global climate. This change will affect the people live all over the world. This also includes access to water, health, food and the well being of the environment. Todays consumers have started to realize that their purchasing behavior actually cause a huge impact to the environment. Therefore, companies should practice offering environmentally friendly products and service to people to prevent this world become worse. Although, Malaysia has undergone an excellent development followed governmental efforts to attract foreign investor to come and invest for a green product development in Malaysia, the practices of environmental responsible behavior are still low among Malaysian consumers. An example of the lack of environmental responsible behavior is shown in an article in Bernama whereby garbage thrown by one of the state in Malaysia residents is the main cause of river pollution in the state. According to a survey which was conducted on line by global market insight and information group, on the aspect of eco-friendliness of habits and behaviors only 8% of Malaysian respondents responded that they have changed their behavior in a greatest deal to benefit the environment. In addition 83% respondents reported that their views on a companys and their Colleges friendliness to the environment would influence their purchases of products and services. Therefore, studying the determinants of generation-Y consumers green purchase behavior will be definitely benefit green marketers. Generation-Y (also known as a millennial) is defined as A label attributed to people born during the 1980s and early 1990s. Members of Generation Y are often referred to as echo boomers because they are the children of parents born during the baby boom (baby boomers). Because children born during this time period have had constant access to technology (computers, cell phones) in their youth, they have required many employers to update their hiring strategy in order to incorporate updated forms of technology. In a simple word, generation-Y grew up with a technology and relies on those things to perform their job and their task. In addition, when going through a literature review in Malaysian context, there are still a gap existed between environmental knowledge, intention and behavior towards green product. [Said et al. (2003)]. Even though employees that have vast knowledge about green products in ISO 14001 certified organizations not necessarily would buy a green products. Therefore, factors those determine and affect consumer especially Generation-Y to purchase a green product would be worth to find out. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH Nowadays its nearly impossible to go shopping without finding a plethora of products that claim to be environmentally and consumer friendly. Oddly enough, many cheap and eco-friendly substances, such as vinegar, have been used for years as home cleaners. Whether you buy a green cleaning product at a store or use something on hand in your pantry, you can reap the benefits of choosing products that are gentler on you and the environment. Environment is defined as what surrounds a thing or an item or in other words it means the surrounding. It could be a physical element which is physical environment, that includes the built environment, natural environment such as air, water, land, atmosphere and etc or it could be human environment where people surrounding the item or thing which also known as the social environment. Today environment is getting worst and worst. Many environmental issues arise. Environmental concerns have been growing in recent years. One of the examples of environmen tal issue is global warming. Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activities such as burning garbage and waste are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused primarily by increases in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide. The greenhouse effect keeps the earth warm when functioning normally. For the first time in history, human activities are altering the climate of our entire planet. According to (Jack, 2010), in less than 2 centuries, humans have increased the total amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 25% from the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests. In addition to the natural fluxes of carbon through the Earth system, human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are also releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (The Carbon Cycle; the Human Role, Earth Observatory, NASA). Green product is define as a product products that produce limited carbon footprints; they may require fewer resources to produce, consume less energy or emit fewer hazardous emissions.  Green product is also a product that is non toxic, water-efficient, and also recyclable and biodegradable. There are many green products that have been produce for people in the market. For example household cleaner. Phosphate-free dishwasher and laundry detergents are green because they do not discharge environment-damaging phosphates into waterways. Other examples of green cleaning products are those labeled certified biodegradable; these have passed several stringent tests relating to biodegradability and environmental impact conducted by an independent certifying agency. According to Consumer Reports, the certified biodegradable label is more meaningful than a general biodegradable label. Glass and metal cleaners, kitchen and bathroom cleaners, and laundry detergents are products that might car ry this label. According to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) research, the air inside the typical home is on average 2-5 times more polluted than the air just outside its walls. For the most part, indoor air pollution is created by the use of toxic chemical products like household cleaners. An EPA report stated that indoor air pollution is one of the nations most important environmental health problems. The EPA also concluded that household cleaners are 3 times more likely to cause cancer than air pollution. Walk down the cleaning product aisle at the supermarket and notice the strong toxic odors, even though the packages are tightly sealed so they cannot leak. Those same vapors remain in a well sealed home. A 15 year study compared women who worked outside the home and those who did not. They found a 54% higher death rate from cancer in the women who stayed home. The study concluded that the increased death rate was due to daily exposure to hazardous chemicals found in ordinar y household products. What is not being reported are the slow poisonings that occur in every home from continual exposure to household cleaning chemicals. A report by the Consumer Product Safety Commission found that 150 chemicals commonly found in homes have been linked to allergies, birth defects, breast cancer, testicular cancer, prostate cancer, declining sperm counts, and psychological abnormalities. Generation Y are the cool generation, they embrace brand and live in the new world of digitize communication. Thus that might be interesting to find their perception and their level of awareness towards environmental issues that the world is facing nowadays. Gen Y has grown up in a very structure, busy and over planned world. Also, Gen Y is made up of confident, optimistic young people who feel valued and wanted. In a article of science daily, Gen-Y is a people that will go all the way when it comes to saving the environment as long as it benefit to world economic and environment. They are maturing into a pragmatic generation that wants to do the right thing for the environment but also has real economic concerns PROBLEM STATEMENT Consumers or practically customers are the sellers and buyers that boost the countrys economy. Therefore, many firms are actually putting many efforts in order to attract more customers because these customers create businesses opportunities and generate profits to them. As the world nowadays facing so many problems regarding to a environmental issue, the consumers and their attitudes or behaviors to purchase a green product are the important factors to be considered. Consumers nowadays have more choices due to the effects of globalization. They will prefer the function of the product rather than the brand or whatsoever to ensure a healthier future. To determine the current level of consumers preferences towards the green products. To determine what are the determinants or factors of consumer preferences towards the green product. To determine the consequences or effects of consumer preferences towards the green product. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Awareness towards environmental issue that the world nowadays facing play a major role encourage people to purchase a green product. Thus, this study is attempts to relate on the various variables that influence consumer especially generation-Y to purchase a green product. The objectives are as the following: * To study the factors affecting the consumer especially Gen-Y to purchase green product. Gen-y is a new generation and It is crucial to understand as they are more advance and modernize. Thus, several researches have been conducted in order to understand consumers in a way that how they behave, and what are the factors that cause them to behave or react to the responses of the products. Leading factors such as price and quality are always the top concerns to the consumers. Product attributes will moderate the effects of price on quality judgments. Partial of the consumers may focus on buying low prices goods and neglect the quality of the products. This group of consumers takes the price as a measure of sacrifice. For instance, consumers take the price served as the benchmark for comparing utility gains from the quality of the product. One the other hand, some portion of the consumers will be willing to pay a premium price for the quality and function of the products, as they are very sensitive to the signals of the quality of one product. Thus, it is hope that this stud y will contribute further to the understanding of factors of price and quality that may lead to the consumers prefer for a green product * To understand the awareness level of people about Go Green campaign. Nowadays, there are many environmental campaign have been organized by a government and private sector. This campaign is aim to encourage people to more concern about the environment. Thus ,it is hope that this study will explore how people react to a environmental campaign and what is their level of awareness about the awareness campaign. * To examine the benefit for people involvement in Go Green program. We might be asking, how we will benefit from getting involved in this environmental campaign. Well, recently there has been an increase in events directly related to the availability of natural resources. For example energy shortages that resulted to load shedding, change in weather patterns and water shortages. As a result, civil society is recognizing the need to manage our natural resources more effectively and responsibly. In doing so, we can ensure positive effects on our health, quality of life and even the cost of living. Thus, this study will help people to getting known more about what they will gain if they participate in the environmental campaign. *To discover what consumer perception towards green product green product. In curiosity to identify what are the main components or criteria that consumer especially gen-Y are looking forward in order to purchase a green product. It is true that each and every one of us are special and unique in the way we are, thus, every consumer has their very own perception in purchasing a green product. Different people from different backgrounds may have different perceptions on these products. In addition to that, different demographic groups may have different perceptions to this kind of product as well. Thus, this study will help to identify whether the consumer especially gen-y prefer to buy a green product or not to safe a mother of earth. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This study is crucial as there are a lot of green products have been selling nowadays. Obviously, when we talk about green product, the price for that particular item might be so expensive. The study on factors affecting consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product may allow us to know in depth why are previous efforts taken does not produce as it is thought it would be. Based on the study conducted, motivations towards the environment, knowledge on green product, social norm, awareness and self-image have an impact on the consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product. Government may need to enhance its program in educating people green product. New and more interesting Go Green program and method is a definite necessity in motivating people to increase their interest/awareness on a green product and indirectly motivates them to purchase it. 1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY The research focus on students in Multimedia University (MMU) Melaka campus which comes from various demographic backgrounds such as the faculty, ethnicity and nationality. The focused respondents are a great resemblance on the exact population in Malaysia. 1.6 ORGANIZATIONAL OF RESEACH 1.6.1 Chapter 1: Introduction Regarding this chapter, it introduce the background of this research such as why do people trade in order to get imported goods from other country. Thus, this will create a preference among the consumers locally and abroad to consume and purchase foreign made products. These sections will explain in details in the of consumers preferences from the Malaysian perspective and as well from the global view for foreign made products. This chapter also recognized the problem statement and the research objectives for this research. Finally, the justification of the research will help to justify the benefits and those who will gain in this research. Chapter 2 : Literature Review A thorough study will be conducted on the dependent variable and independent variables. The main purpose for this chapter is to weigh the pros and cons of the topic and to discuss in details on the ideas and knowledge concerned. In this chapter, every definition of the dependent variable and independent variables will be cited from the journals in order to strengthen every point mentioned. Several of arguments and various points of views from different authors in order to provide a stronger formation of each point can be founded in this chapter. In addition to that, this chapter explains the relationships on several independent variables relate to the dependent variables. 1.6.2 Chapter 3 : Research Methodology Research methodology is usually conducted after the thorough study of literature review. In this chapter, theoretical framework will be form to illustrate the relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Hypotheses or a proposed explanation which were made on the basis of limited evidences will explain the relationships between two or more variables. All the hypotheses stated will be tested together with empirical data. This chapter also includes the description of the sampling data, data collections and as well as the development of the questionnaire for this research. Chapter 4 : Data Analysis After questionnaires are collected from all the respondents, then few tests will be conducted to test on the validity and reliability of the results. The responds of the questionnaires from the respondents are represented by a set of numbers that symbolize their own significant meanings. Whereas the tests that will be carry out are to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the end of this research. Chapter 5 : Conclusion This chapter will provide the final outcome of this research. Thus, the final results will be explained and we will be able to identify how the exact hypotheses that formed earlier are hold. Chapter 2 Literature Review In a general definition, green product is known as an ecological product or environmental friendly product. Shamdasami et al., (1993) in their research defined green product as the product that will not pollute the earth or deplore natural resources, and can be recycled or conserved. Green product is a product that has more environmentally sound content or packaging in reducing the environmental impact (Elkington and Makower, 1988; Wasik, 1996). In other words, green product refers to product that incorporates the strategies in recycling or with recycled content, reduced packaging or using less toxic materials to reduce the impact on the natural environment. Krause (1993), found that consumers will becoming more concerned about their habits and the impact on the environment. The consequence of this is that some of the consumers translated their environmental concern into actively purchasing green products commitment (Martin and Simintiras, 1995). Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s teenagers are c oncerned about environmental problems (Lyons Breakwell, 1994; Lee, 2008). Studies have shown that youth are more concerned and more informed about environmental problems than the adults (Van Liere Dunlap, 1980; Diamantopoulos, Schelemilch, Sinkovics, Bohlen, 2003), and teens who consider they to be knowledgeable about environmental issues tend to report higher levels of concern (Lyons Breakwell, 1994). There are many reasons and factors that affect consumer especially Gen-Y to buy a green product. Concern for the environment is perceived to be important in encouraging consumer to participate in green program and also buying a green product. Research finding suggest that, moral concerns determine several curtailment behaviors (Goldstein et al., 2008; Hage et al., 2009; Thà ¸gersen, 1996). However, studies on the influence of moral concerns on consumer high involvement buying decisions with environmental implications are rare (Thà ¸gersen, 1999). This is a problem since overlooking an influential determinant might hinder or delay successful diffusion of environmentally friendlier products and innovations. Other researcher also revealed that despite expressing concern towards the environment the consumers were unwilling to purchase or pay a higher price for environmentally friendly products (Jay, 1990; Ottman,1992; Schlossberg, 1991). A more recent report by the RoperASW (2002) prod uced somewhat disappointing results with overall environmental concern among the general population on a decline with 59 per cent of the general population not even thinking of participating in environmentally friendly activities. Kristensen and Grunert (1991) said the levels of general environmental knowledge among consumers have increased significantly over recent years. This may have been expected, since a number of new green product lines have been introduced in a market. (Bohlen et al., 1993). Knowledge and attitude towards environment are very important to influcence consumer especially Gen-Y To buy a green product. There is a general belief among the researchers and environmental activists that through purchasing environmentally friendly products or green products, products with recyclable packaging or properly disposing of non-biodegradable garbage, consumers can contribute significantly to improve the quality of the environment (Abdul-Muhmim, 2007). The quality of the environment depends critically on the level of knowledge, attitudes, values and practices of consumers (Mansaray and Abijoye, 1998). Attitudes are the most consistent explanatory factor in predicting consumers willingness to pay for green products (Chyong et al., 2006). This means that price is not the main factor in preventing consumers from purchasing green products if they are pro-environment. Researcher also found that Influencing consumer behaviour is a complex and difficult task requiring knowledge of its determinants. consumer knowledge and attitudes are determinants of behaviour (Engel et al., 1993), many researchers have attempted to understand the relationship between purchase behaviour and knowledge /attitudes. The studies from those by Arbuthnott and Lingg, (1975); Geller (1981); Maloney and Ward (1973); Muller and Taylor (1991); and Schahn and Holzer, (1990) have shown that environmental knowledge has little impact on purchasing behaviour. However, Dispoto (1977) concluded that environmental knowledge was a good predictor of environmentally sensitive activity. Grunert (1993) found that knowledge of the benefits of a green products use on the environment may have an impact on whether or not that product is purchased and used. Arbuthnott and Linggs (1975) in a study of environmental behaviours, knowledge and attitudes, suggested that environmental knowledge acts as a mediating variable for environmental attitudes and behaviour. Synodinos (1990) stated that more positive a ttitudes may result by increasing knowledge about environmental issues (p. 168). Cohen (1973) found that groups of students who were taught courses with a high environmental content, i.e. were given more environmental knowledge, had different attitudes toward the environment than the control group who were taught courses with a low environmental content. Maloney and Ward (1973) found that the attitude of consumers towards environmental protection was significantly more positive than their knowledge of environmental problems. They also stated that despite its current popularity, the average person appears to know very little about ecology (p. 585). Dispoto (1977) made similar conclusions, stating that subjects à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ were more emotionally involved with the environment that knowledgeable about it (p. 457). When translating these results into the context of green product lines, these findings would suggest that consumers will have a positive attitudes towards green product lin es without actually knowing how they impact on or preserve the environment. Certain theorists believe that personal norms are the attitudinal factor seen as closest to actual behavior. In relation to green activities, the personal norm reflects a moral obligation to act in an environmentally responsible manner. A key assumption is that personal norms develop through the formation of a consistent personal value system that also incorporates social norms. Several researchers have found personal norms to accurately predict green consumer behavior. Studies have also investigated the effect social influence has affect consumer especially Gen-Y purchase green product.The interest in green initiatives is not expected to emanate only from external impositions and inducements but also from the internal sense of responsibility of a firm towards the society in which it exists. For green issues, such sensitivity is intensified by increasing environmental problems such as global warming and pollution. Such problems may also raise awareness and interest of a firm to behave in a more socially responsible manner and reflect an image of due diligence and commitment to sustainability. Green purchasing is primarily motivated by a certain degree of consumer ecological consciousness. Frey and Stutzer (2006) identify a number reasons behind environmental motivation: intrinsic motivations, altruism, internalized norms and social norms. Social norms lead individuals to take into consideration the opinions of the other members of society when choos ing a green product over another: if they think that their acquaintances approve of green product purchase and disapprove of standard product purchase, there are encouraged to buy green products. (Ewing, 2001) Social norms are an important motivator of ecologically responsible behaviour The strength of the normative influence of the consumers family and social groups on purchasing decisions depends on the characteristics of the product (e.g. luxury rather than a necessity, publiclydisplayed or used in private), the susceptibility of theindividual consumer and the coercive power of the group to which the consumer belongs (Hoyer and MacInnis, 2004). Self image is the conception one has of oneself. Study in marketing influence on consumer purchase decision on green product, self-images was influencing green behaviours. This agrees to Lee(2008) finding on concern for self-image as the third predictor of her study. Apart from behavioral aspects, numerous studies have also looked at the r elationship between demographic and socioeconomic variables and purchase green product involvement. Kinnear, T. And Taylor, J. (1973) stated that there has been no signi ¬Ã‚ cant link found between demographic segmentation and green purchase. This could be due to the notion that different groups of people relate to different parts of the environmental agenda Peattie, K. (1995). There have been contradictory results of younger and older age groups concerns about environmental issues Peattie, K. (1995). There is, however, a belief that environmental concern is directly related to a consumers level of education Balderjahn, I. (1988). Based on four surveys, Hines et al. found no relationship with gender.

America and the Decay of Morality: The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Ri

America is a popular image in literature and films. Dozens of writers sought to expose America’s vices and evaluate the consistency of its values, morality, and ethical norms. The pursuit for material wealth and the American dream were the topics most frequently discussed in American literature during the 1920s. The effects of World War I on individual beliefs and ideals, the ongoing decay of morality, the hollowness of dreams and convictions, and the failure to materialize one’s life goals together created a complicated situation, which often resembled a journey for nothing. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises are equally similar and different. The two stories are similar in their commitment to the failure of the American dream and its moral hollowness. However, the means and literary methods which the two authors choose to prove their point are distinctly different. Hemingway and Fitzgerald attempted to evoke aimless traveling across East to West and West to East through their writing styles in which the various nature of modernism in literature is reflected. Hemingway adopts his original sentence structure called â€Å"cablese† which consists of ordinary speech and exact words without any vague expressions, while Fitzgerald describes the protagonist, Gatsby through Nick’s perspective. The purpose of this essay is to examine how the two modernist writers depict America in the 1920’s in a state of moral decay and the pursuit for material wealth gradually replaces the purity of conventional moral ideals and beliefs in their ways by comparing and contrasting the two novels. Both stories are considered to be fictional representations of the American dream—moral decay in America and the fa... ... Conclusion The American Dream and the decay of American values has been one of the most popular topics in American fiction in the 20th century. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises create a full picture of American failure and pursue its ideals after the end of World War I by portraying the main characters as outsiders and describing the transportation in a symbolic way. Putting the aimless journeys for material life foreground, Fitzgerald and Hemingway skillfully link West and men and associate East to not only money but women. As American modernists, Hemingway utilizes his simple and dialog-oriented writing to appeal to readers and Fitzgerald ambiguously portrays Gatsby through a narrator, Nick, to cynically describe American virtue and corruption, which substantially contribute to modernism in literature.

Young Goodman Brown: Immature Innocence vs. Mature Guilt :: essays research papers fc

Young Goodman Brown: Immature Innocence vs. Mature Guilt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne expresses his true feelings about the negative beliefs of the puritan religion through usage of expressive styles and themes, various characters, and objects within the story. Because the puritan religion was in affect during a very complicated and chaotic time known as the Salem Witch Trials many people, including Young Goodman Brown, would be shocked to discover that the pure puritan society they knew was in fact contaminated with evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hawthorne uses the main character, Young Goodman Brown, to lucidly convey the story’s main theme of corrupted innocence. When one carefully analyzes Young Goodman Brown’s character the main concept that comes to mind is that the character appears to be an implied part of his religion-pure. The reader should keep in mind that purity is often associated with innocence. The sense of purity within the character of Young Goodman Brown will later appear to be awkward. In the beginning of the story when he meets the Devil in the forest the narrator states that the Devil â€Å"was about fifty years old, apparently in the same rank of life as Goodman Brown, and bearing a considerable resemblance to him, (Hawthorne, 337).† Through this statement the reader now knows that Young Goodman Brown is not young as his name implies, he is actually a very old man who is just now reaching the stage in life where one realizes that the world is not surfeited with just purity alone, it also contains evil. When the reader first begins the story it is automatically assumed that his title Young Goodman Brown means that he is literally young, which further implies innocence, immaturity, and naive ness. During the Puritan times the title Goodman was equivalent to the present day title of mister. Hawthorne presents a character that has the assumed name of a child, Young Goodman Brown, and the demeanor and thought process of a child; however, the reader is to discover later that he is an adult with the mindset of a child. When the reader discovers that the character is not a child, the fact that Brown was taking a journey into what he believed was initiation to manhood during the beginning of the story now makes the situation very awkward. Young Goodman Brown maintains the mindset of a child; he is naà ¯ve to the fact that the world and people are not pure in and innocent even though they take part in the pure puritan religion.

Saurer

Saurer: The China Challenge Question 1 Comparing with the China staple fiber twisting machines, Saurer Twisting Systems (STS) has a number of strengths. The STS are leading product and incorporated state-of-the-art engineering. The technology and R&D helped STS to build up functional brand, the STS machines helped the customers to improve efficiency, quality and productivity. Hence STS is a strong brand and highly regarded by many customers. Being the largest manufacturer of textile machinery, Saurer can offer full solutions to customers.According to Exhibit 4, there are Sauer’s products in different steps of the textile value chain from spinning to embroidery. Thus, Saurer has the capability to penetrate into textile industry in a great depth by extensive product offering. However, STS do not have the price advantage comparing with local Chinese competitors. STS had simplified the functions of the sophisticated machines into â€Å"good enough† machines so as to cater f or the needs of China market, however, the pricing is 31. % more than Muratec, and twice the price of Rifa i. e. the close competitor. As Chinese customers tend to be price-sensitive, they would prefer low-priced manufacturers like Rifa for faster pay-back. In addition, STS products are imitated and the functions copied by Chinese competitors because of weak protection of intellectual property in China. This weakened the strength of STS in terms of product functionality. Most of the locally made twisting machines were copies of those manufactured by Saurer or a Japanese competitor.In some cases, the colors of the machines and the brochures – including printing errors – were reproduce Saurer’s usual position in the high-end market meant that identifying and reaching customers for low-end solutions would be challenging for its sales force. Since the company had historically focused on customers with high-end needs, it sales force had little contacts with the low-e nd segment. Saurer also encountered the difficulty to adopt to Chinese market.The Chinese customers only ordered new machines after receiving orders for yarn, which meant that they then needed very quick delivery. Additionally, they tended to be less interested than their Western counterparts in machine ergonomics – labor costs were low and replacing workers was easy – although some had begun to appreciate that more efficient machines could enable them to increase revenue. Question 2 Saurer should enter the China market with lower functionality. Firstly, Chinese customers are price-sensitive and they concern about the pay-back period.By offering low-functionality machines at lower price, Saurer can captured this low-end customer groups by fulfilling their basic needs. Secondly, Saurer can build up the customer base for future business, as Saurer can introduce other textile machines for their customers. However, margins on the new product were likely to be significantly lower than on their existing products, and even if they managed to achieve some aggressive cost targets, there was a concern that the new product could cannibalize their high margin, premium machines.So Saurer lost its product leadership by lowering the machines functionality. Hence, the good enough machines do not help Saurer to win customers by brand and functionality for this low-end segment. The pricing of STS machines become critical as customers are price-sensitive. Question 3 To protect Saurer’s brand, they should use a dual brand marketing strategy for the new products and sophisticated products. Its Volkmann brand was the leader in the premium end of the market, both in China and globally.In order to avoid jeopardizing the brand and minimize sales canalization, Saurer should adopt a different brand name for its low-end and lower-priced machines. As for pricing, Saurer should try to match with the competitors so as to win a bigger market share in this low-end market. To improve the margin, Saurer may consider to lower the production cost. As the low-end customers had little interest in preventive maintenance and annual contracts, Saurer had to change its business model for the low-end market segment.Since customers preferred quick repair service in proximity, Saurer may consider to develop partnership with local machine repairing centers by supplying the components at lower cost, so as to increase the competitiveness of Saurer machines as comparing with other low price competitors. Currently, Volkmann had 7 sales staff for China market. To cater for this fast growing low-end segment, the company should develop a separate local sales team for low-end market so as to penetrate into the low-end market. According to the company’s quick analysis, 85% of the potential demand of the new machines would be in 6 of China’s 22 provinces.Saurer may allocate the sales team into 6 geographical areas and launch the new machines. Question 4 If Sa urer decided not to introduce the new product, it will have to set its premium position and target the high-end segment, i. e. the export-oriented state-owned firms which were typically able to get licenses to buy imported textile machines. Being the global leader in textile machines, Saurer can ride on its competitive advantage by offering full solutions in different stages of value chain and helping these high-end customers to achieve economy of scale.

Dissertation Research Proposal

Dissertation research proposal Table of contents Introduction 1- Problem definition/statement 2-Research goals 3-Research objectives 4-Research hypothesis 5-Dissertation organization Chapter one: Literature review Chapter two: Research methodology -Introduction 1. Recipients of the research 2. Justification of the research 3. Research Methodology 3. 1. Research problem area 3. 2. Research question 3. 3. Research objectives 3. 4. Research hypothesis 3. 5. Research design 3. 5. 1. Research philosophy 3. 5. 2. Research approach 5. 3. 3. Research strategy 3. 5. 3. 1. Survey Strategy 3. 5. 4.Research method choice 3. 5. 5. Time horizon 3. 6. Population and Sample 4. Data collection, editing, and findings 4. 1. Date collection 4. 2. Data editing 4. 3. Data coding 4. 4. Limitation -Bibliography Appendices -interview outline -Time management -outline content of literature review -Email for interview -Email for questionnaire -Introduction This section outlines the background of the dissertati on. In the first chapter the researcher explains the choice of the topic and the issues. In the second, the researcher will describe the methodology used during the research process 1-Recipients of the researchThe primary recipients of this thesis are The Dublin Business School in Dublin Through Mr. Gary Bernie, my dissertation supervisor For fulfilment of the MA Marketing 2. Justification of the research 2. 1. Interest for the subject According to Saunders et al (2012:29) one of attributes of a good research topic is that the researcher should be extremely interested and fascinated about the topic 2. 2Academic background The researcher has graduated 2 years ago with a Licence in Humanitarian Science; and a significant side of the science was about the ethics and its positive role on people and communities . 3. Personal background The researcher has a strong interest in marketing ethics as he plans a career in this environment. So he has the motivation to proceed with this paper to conclusion. About the resources, the researcher has access to an Irish environment: people, communication, companies†¦. The researcher is working part-time, so he has a flexible time to carry on his research The first chapter Literature review It is my belief that good marketing is ethical marketing. Good marketing is about satisfying and developing a long-term relationship with our customers.Caring about your customers not only results in profits, it is the ethical thing to do. Deceiving customers may help a firm’s profits in the short-run, but is not the way to build a successful business. Marylyn Carrigan,  Lecturer, University of Birmingham, Department of Commerce, Birmingham, UK 1- Marketing ethics concepts and theories Business ethics’ definition Business ethics can be defined as â€Å"a set of principles that guides business practices to reflect a concern for society as a whole while pursuing profits, Nisberg, 1988 (cited from: Maureen Kilcullen, Judith Ohles Kooistra, (1999)The shame side of marketing Of all the management fields, marketing is probably that which seems the most Contradictable when it comes to ethical aspect. As Smith and Quelch (1993, p. 188) suggest that some of the most fundamental concepts in marketing, when looked at Afresh, raise important ethical issues (cited from Klein Thomas, 2011) According to Marylyn Carrigan, et al (2005) In later years marketing thought has focused upon the subject of marketing ethics, and in the 1980s there was a flurry of activity by marketing scholars who attempted to evaluate conceptually the nature and role of marketing ethics.Moreover, Carrigan (2005) gave many examples of scholars discussed the issue, such as, Ferrell and Gresham (1985) developed their contingency framework to evaluate ethical decision-making in a marketing organisation, Hunt and Chonko (1984) conducted their survey on ethical dilemmas for marketing managers, and the ethical problems faced by marketing research ers. Marketing ethics philosophy Ethical marketing is about whether firms marketing decision is morally right or wrong.The morality of the marketing decision can include any part of marketing from advertising to the pricing of product or service, to the sourcing of raw materials. Like many authors, Beauchamp (1980) divided the major philosophical trends in ethics into two categories; the utilitarian approach and the deontological approach. In the utilitarian approach, the notion of ethics is related to the consequences of an action. According to this approach, the manager will attempt to produce the greatest possible amount of positive value or the smallest possible amount of negative value for the consumers affected.In the other side, the deontological approach, based on the work of the philosopher Emmanuel Kant, this approach does not consider so much the consequences of an act, but pays a lot of intention to the manner in which the act is performed (cited from Jacques Nantel et a l, 1996). Definition is the problem According to Peter Drucker (1973) marketing is a discipline which provokes much debate. Very often, this controversy is linked to a lack of understanding of what the actual definition of marketing is.One definition of marketing, very often used is: â€Å"Marketing is human activity directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange process; Kotler and Turner, 1981(cited from Jacques Nantel et al 1996) Jacques Nantel et al (1996) suggests that The most striking feature of this definition is its almost entirely utilitarian aspect, If we apply foundations of the utilitarian approach in ethics, one knows that an action is only ethical if it maximizes the positive consequences for the greatest number of people while at the same time minimizing negative consequences to the smallest number.An interesting case is that of sugar On the one hand, it is true that sugar is a product which responds to a gustatory need, but what about its medical and denta l effect. Jacques Nantel et al (1996) states that In order to extend both the range and the degree of marketing ethics, several authors (Fraedrich  et al. , 1991; Laczniak and Murphy, 1985; Martin, 1985) have suggested that we take into account not only the utilitarian criterion which is satisfaction but also the means used to obtain this satisfaction.Suggesting a solution towards this issue Jacques Nantel states that marketing, by its very definition, is principally grounded on a utilitarian approach to ethics but that managers could also develop a deontological approach to marketing. The reason for this development that the consumer is no longer merely concerned with the satisfaction obtained from a product or service, but also with the way in which this product or service is obtained.Consider, for example, the boycotting of certain products (Canadian paper products by German consumer. According to Jacques Nantel points out there is much reason to believe that the marketing func tion will turn towards a deontological approach for the simple reason that, Today there is a more concerted attack from well-organised activists in the form of protest groups such as Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth or the UK Consumers Association.The Internet has opened up a route for international groups of consumers and interested bodies to co-ordinate their activity globally, and this can be seen in Web sites such as www. saigon. com/nike, the homepage of the Boycott Nike campaign, or www. mcspotlight. org the homepage of the McDonalds boycott. In response, large organisations that had previously believed themselves immune from such activity find themselves now having to defend themselves against their global critics on their own company Web sites. Marylyn Carrigan, Ahmad Attalla, 2001) The researcher does not see a major difference between the suggestions was produced by Fraedrich, Laczniak and Murphy (the code of ethics) and Jacques’s notion, both of them are concerned regarding the means, the means should be as ethical as the aim, but the question which will be appearing and rising, who will determine these means, is it the marketing or the consumer or the law, who will judge these means by saying there are ethical or not. 2-The negative effect on marketing for ignoring the safety, health, and the environmental standards in children soft drinks Your brand is your lifebloodIf we foul up with consumers, we do our industry considerable damage. If you put out unsafe products you will be found out, somebody will get hurt, and you will get a massively bad reputation. If you openly exploit children and you mislead children, you will be found out. We go over and above to make sure that our products are built, manufactured in the right way, because if we don't, we lose forty or fifty years of all the hard work that we've built up in actually establishing these brands, because they are our lifeblood.We don't do anything that would leave us open to suspicio n, because it is not worth it; we don't need to operate that way. We've built our reputation on doing things the right way, so we don't do anything by the back door Stephen Hogan (2007) -Marketing ethics or pay the price There is evidence that companies do suffer commercially from boycotts, Shell were estimated to have lost between 20 per cent and 50 per cent of their sales during the Brent Spar boycott (Klein, 2000), and the Nestle boycott is said to have cost the firm $40 million (Nelson-Horchler, 1984).Gelb (1995) argues the power of consumer boycotts is increasing. . It has also been found that 44 per cent of the British public have boycotted a product for ethical reasons in the last 12 months (Mason, 2000). Marylyn Carrigan, Ahmad Attalla, (2001) Marketers are encouraged to behave in an ethical manner because information about a firm’s ethical behaviours is thought to influence product sales and consumers’ image of the company (Mascarenhas, 1995). A recent MORI po ll commissioned by the Co-operative Bank in the UK suggests that one-third of consumers are â€Å"seriously concerned† with ethical issues (Mason, 2000).Within the past year, over half had bought a product or recommended a company on the basis of its ethical reputation. Smith (1995)  argues that we are now living in the â€Å"ethics era†, whereby society's expectations of marketers have changed and we face challenges to basic marketing assumptions. Consumers are better informed, more educated and awareness is greater of consumer rights and product requirements at least in western society. Legislation has also played a part in raising consumer expectations of marketing behaviour used at the prospect of such uncharted territory -Marketing ethics or you loss long-term prospectsTwo Studies of scientific literature showed that ethics in the Marketing system is very important and in order to ensure good long-term prospects of the organization, it is necessary to maintain a high level of organizational moral. Ethical decisions stimulate public confidence and allow creating a favourable image of the organization, to maintain good relationship with market partners; they also increase competitiveness and the effectiveness of the marketing program (Vysniauskiene, V. Kundrotas (1999) -Four reasons to join marketing ethics Stanton, M.J. Etzel, B. J. Walker pointed out four main reasons Why marketing specialists must behave ethically: First reason; is that ethical marketing may help to increase a declining trust of society. Marketing prestige in the eyes of many people is down. Doubtful activities that are periodically made public also add to problematic issues of consumers. Despite its manifestation only in a small marketing share, reputation of all marketing specialists does suffer. So, it is very important to business leaders to demonstrate ethical responsibility assuredly.Second reason, why marketing specialists must behave ethically is that such behavio ur may allow bypassing an increasing regulation of the Government. Apathy, resistance or evidence of unethical behaviour in business Directly increases a possibility of the Governmental regulation. Third reason; ethical marketing helps to regain public confidence Fourth reason, ethical behaviour allows organizations to preserve their image. The second chapter The research Methodology -Introduction 1-Recipients of the research The primary recipients of this thesis are The Dublin Business School in Dublin Through Mr.Gary Bernie, my dissertation supervisor For fulfilment of the MA Marketing 2. Justification of the research 2. 1. Interest for the subject According to Saunders et al (2012:29) one of attributes of a good research topic is that the researcher should be extremely interested and fascinated about the topic 2. 2Academic background The researcher has graduated 2 years ago with a Licence in Humanitarian Science and a significant side of the science was about the ethics and its p ositive role on people and communities 2. 3. Personal background The researcher has a strong interest in marketing ethics as he plans a career in this environment.So he has the motivation to proceed with this paper to conclusion. About the resources, the researcher has access to an Irish environment: people, communication, companies†¦. The researcher is working part-time, so he has a flexible time to carry on his research 3. Research Methodology 3. 1 Research problem area Kumar (2011:48) argues that drawing up research problem is the most critical part of the research process, and the reason for this is because the quality and relevance of research rely on it The topic of the thesis has been chosen according to Saunders’s guidelines.According Saunders, et al (2012:28) attributes of a good research topic should: -Fulfil your examiner’s requirements -Something you are able to deal with and enhance your creativity – develop your research skills The researcher should: – Have enough time, money, and resources for proceeding -Be able to link his topic to academic theories -Have access to information he needs The research problem area of this dissertation is about two main subjects: – Marketing ethics n children soft drink – The negative effect on marketing for ignoring Health, safety, and environmental standards The major goal is to study and analysis the negative side on marketing for ignoring safety, health, and environmental standards in children soft drink and how marketing should response to this ethical issue. 3. 2. Research question Saunders et al (2012:40) argues the researcher should developed clear conclusion from the data he gathered so that he can introduce research question. The question must be involved enough so that can generate the required standards of the project The research question for this dissertation is:To what degree ignoring health, safety, and environmental standards in children soft drinks a ffecting the Marketing, and how Marketing should response to this ethical issue? 3. 3. Research objectives Kumar (2011) declares that the main objective is a general statement of the study and statement of the main associations and relations that you search to find and track down. The sub objective is the certain parts of the topic that you want explore within the main framework of your study. According to Saunders (2012) writing useful research objectives requires: -Transparency: the meaning of the objectives is clear Specificity (the aim of the objectives is clear and understood – Relevancy: the objectives linked to the research questions) – Interconnectivity: objectives explain the research process from the beginning to the conclusion – Answerability: the result of the research is achievable – Measurability: the aim of the research objective will be clear when it is achieved The general objectives are: -To measure the level of negative effectiveness of ignoring marketing ethics in children soft drink -To define marketing ethics -To understand marketing ethics To explore how consumer react towards the ethical marketing issues -To determine if the marketing has responsibility in this ethical issue or not -To explain how marketing professionals should respond to tackle this ethical problem -To determine the advantages of applying ethics in marketing ethics The personal objectives are: * To learn how to set up a Master Level Dissertation * To learn more about marketing ethics and health and health and safety in children soft drink * To learn how to set up an interview * To improve the researcher knowledge regarding Qualitative and quantitative research * To validate the dissertation . 4. Research hypothesis According to Grinnell (1988:200) â€Å"A hypothesis is written in such a written in certain way that can be proven or disproven by valid and reliable data- it is in order to obtain these data that we perform our study† (cit ed from Kumar 2011:83) Kumar (2011) also defined couple of considerations to keep in mind when constructing a hypothesis: * A hypothesis should be simple, specific, and clear * A hypothesis should be capable of verification * A hypothesis should be related to the existing body of knowledge * A hypothesis should be operationalisable; it can be expressed in terms that can be measuredFigure one: the process of testing Hypothesis Source: Kumar (2011) Research Methodology Phase 1| | Phase 2| | Phase 3| FormulateYour hunch or assumption| | Collect the requireData| | AnalysisData toDraw conclusion about that hunch- true or false| | | | | | The hypotheses set up for this dissertation are: H1: Ethical marketing is about whether firms marketing decision is morally right or wrong H2: Marketing ethics is significantly rising within marketing organization H3: Marketing ethics is facing serious problemsH4: Ignoring marketing ethics will have negative effect and damage on marketing H5: Taking care of marketing ethics would lead to positive impact on the marketing H6: The numbers of consumers who have some concern about the negative consequences of marketing are increasing 3. 5. Research design Saunders et al, (2012:159) describes the research design as the general plan of how the researcher will go about answering your research questions. Saunders et al, (2012) pointed out three types of research design: * Exploratory studies Descriptive studies * Explanatory studies For my dissertation, it will be used two types of research design: exploratory and Descriptive Exploratory studies: is valuable mean to ask open questions to discover what is happening, also it is useful if you wish to clarify your understanding of problem. One of its advantages that it is fixable and adaptable to change Descriptive studies: the object of this study is to gain an accurate profile of events, persons or situations (Saunders2012) 3. 5. 1 Research philosophyAccording to Saunders (2012) there are thr ee major ways of thinking about research philosophy: * Epistemology: positivism-realism-interpretivism * Ontology: Objectivism-subjectivism * Axiology The research philosophies have been chosen for this research positivism. According to Gill and Johnson (2010) if your research philosophy reflects positivism then you prefer collecting data about an observation reality and search for regularities and casual relationships in your data to create generalizations like those produced by scientists (cited from Saunders, 2012) 3. 5. Research approach According to Saunders (2012) there are three types of research approach: The deductive approach: It is a dominant research approach in the natural science, a theory and hypothesis are developed and a research strategy Designed to test the hypothesis Blaikie (2010) lists six steps of the approach’s process 1- Put forward a hypothesis or set of hypotheses to form a theory 2- By using existing literature, deduce a testable proposition 3- Exa mine the logic of the argument, compare the argument with existing theories to notice any advanced understanding.If it does, then continue 4- Test the logic by collecting appropriate data to measure the concepts and analysing it 5- If the result of the analysis is not consistent with the premises, and then the theory is false 6- If the result of the analysis is consistent with the premises then the theory is corroborated (cited from Saunders, 2012:145) -The inductive approach – The abductive approach For this project, the best approach is the deductive approach because the researcher uses existing theories and models to find data in order to check his hypotheses and explain the different phenomenon . 5. 3 Research strategy According to Saunders (2012) the key to your choice of research strategy is that you have to achieve a reasonable level of coherence through your research design which will enable you answer your research questions and meet your objectives. Moreover, Saunde rs describes eight types of research strategies: – Experiment – Survey – Archival Research – Case Study – Ethnography – Action Research – Grounded Theory – Narrative Inquiry For this project, the researcher will combined two different strategies: a survey strategy and Interview 3. 5. 3. 1. Survey StrategyAccording to Saunders et al (2012) Survey using questionnaires is popular. Survey strategy allows you to collect quantitative data which you can analyse using descriptive and inferential statistics. Also can suggest possible reasons for particular relationships between variables and produce models of these relationships. According to Burns et al (2006) there are five advantages of Survey: – Surveys provide for standardization – Easy to administer – Help to uncover unseen data – Easy to analyse – Reveal subgroup differences For this research, the questionnaire will be administered in person.Sau nders et al (2012) stated that Survey is used for exploratory and descriptive research. In this project, the questionnaire will be administered to adult population (over 18) for knowing the level of negative effect on marketing for ignoring health, safety, and environmental standards in children soft drink, and what marketing should response to this ethical issue Saunders (2012) mentioned some advantages of using survey strategy: – gives more control over the research process – Low cost – Data collected is less wide-ranging – Limited questions number – Allowing easy comparison – Easy to explain and understand 3. 5. 3. 2. InterviewAccording to Saunders (2012) there are three categories of interview -structured interview, identical set of questions (standardised) -semi-structured interviews; interviews are non-standardised, the researcher will have a list of themes and some key questions to be covered -unstructured interviews; you use it to ex plore in depth a general area in which you are interested This researcher in this project will take non-standardised interview (semi-structured and unstructured interviews) According to King (2004) unstandardised interviews referred as qualitative research interviews (cited from Saunders 2012) The researcher will take face to face interview and one to one, in public places for consumers. 3. 5. 4 Research method choiceQuantitative method; generally associated with positivism, and often used as a synonym for any data collection technique (such as questionnaire) or data analysis procedure (such as graphs or statistics) that generates or uses numerical data, Qualitative method; generally associated with an interpretive, and often used as a synonym for any data collection technique (such as an interview) or data analysis procedure (such as categories data) that generates or uses non-numerical data According to Blumberg et al, (2008: 218) in business research, qualitative as well as quant itative are appropriate for investigating business research problem What matters is not the choice between quantitative and qualitative, but the quality of the research design and how well the study is conducted This research will take both research methods Qualitative: Interview Quantitative: Questionnaire 3. 5. 5Time horizonSaunders (2012) identified two types of time horizon, and emphasis that the researcher should ask himself: Do I want my research to be at particular time? Or Do I want to be more related to dairy or events over a given period? -longitudinal: the main strength of this research is its capacity to study change and development -cross-sectional studies: The research will be the study of a certain phenomenon at a certain time. As this dissertation must be on restricted time, therefore, the time horizon will be cross-sectional study 3. 6. Population and Sample Saunders (2012) emphasise that it is impossible for you to collect or to analyse all data available to you ow ing to restriction of time, money, and access.Moreover S states that sampling techniques enable you to reduce the amount of data you need to collect by considering only data from a subgroup rather than all possible elements According to Becker (1998) in selecting a sample to study, it should represent the full set of cases in a way that is meaningful and which we can justify (cited from Saunders 2012) the full set of cases from which a sample is taken is called the population According to Saunders (2012) we should not assume that collecting data from every group(census)data from entire population would be more useful than collecting data from sample which represent the entire population because sampling provides a valid alternative to a According to Kinnear et al, (1996) the advantage of sampling rather than conducting a census is: – Saving money – Saving time – More accurate information – Avoiding the destruction of all element in the population Accordin g Teresa Brannick (1997) element refers to the subject in which we have a particular interest and population refers to the complete set of particular type of element 4. Data collection, editing, and findings The next step will be what to do with this information. How the information should be analysed, and proven. . 1. Data collection methods 4. 1. 1 Quantitative approach According to Saunders (2012:458) questionnaire must: – identify the form and layout – Pilot tested prior to their delivery -specify the information needed -the validity and reliability of your data dependents on the design of your questions -consider the wording of individual questions -arrange the question in the proper order 4. 1. 2 Qualitative approach In- depth interview According to Saunders (2012) the interviewer must be: -In proper appearance, -Use different types of questions, – In good behaviour -Good listening -Record data accurately -Able to deal with difficult participant Scope to s ummarise and understand -Open comments when the interview commences Interview advantages: – Flexibility. – Control of the interview situation. – High response rate. Interview disadvantages: – Higher cost – Interviewer bias – Lack of anonymity 4. 2. Data editing Data have to be edited, especially when they relate to responses to open-ended questions of interviews and questionnaires. In other words, information that may have been noted by interviewer or researcher in a hurry must be clearly deciphered so that it may be coded systematically in its entire. Lack of clarity at this stage will result later in confusion Sekaran (2003) 4. 2. 1. QuestionnaireAccording to deVaus (2002) questionnaire is a method of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in predetermine order (cited from Saunders, 2012) According to Malhotra et al (2006) questionnaire has three objectives: -Translate the information needed t o a set of questions – Should be written to minimize demands imposed on respondents – Should minimize response error Saunders stated that questionnaire is one of the most widely used data collection method within the survey strategy. He emphasise that questionnaire should has precise data so that can answer your question and achieve your objective. Moreover, he gave some guidelines in order to maximise your response rate: -Carful design of individual questions -Clear and pleasing layout -Explanation of the purpose of the questionnaire -Pilot testing Carefully planned and executed delivery and return of -completed questionnaire The researcher followed recommendations from several authors in particular from Cooper (2003p456) to have the best data possible by examining answers of questions given to find, if some question were forgotten or half answered or illegibly 4. 2. 2. Semi-structured interview According to Kumar (2011) we must: -Check the data is free from inconsist encies and incompleteness -Practice for interview Kumar (2011) prefers for editing data is to examine all responses given to all the questions by one respondent at a time The researcher will use an audio tape during interview as well as hand written notes to avoid problems of editing 4. 3. Data Coding According to cooper et al (2003) coding is the process of assigning numbers and other symbols to answers so we can classify them to categories.According to Saunders (2012) all data type should be recorded using numerical codes. This enables you to enter data quickly and with few errors. It also makes subsequent analyses. He recommended using existing coding scheme as they: * Save time * Well tested * Allow comparison of your results with others These codes should be included on your data collection form as pre-set codes A code book as defined by Saunders is a complete list of all the codes used to code data variable. 4. 3. 1 Questionnaire Closed questions: To analyze quantitative data Kumar (2011:257) presented four steps: -developing a code book -pre-testing the code book -coding the data verifying the code data Opened questions: There are three ways proposed by Kumar (2011: 256) to cope with the main theme found: -To examine verbatim Reponses and integrate them with text of the report to either support or contradict the argument -to assign code to each theme and count how frequently each has occurred -to combine both methods to communicate findings The researcher combined methods to get the best information and to be more accurate and effective 4. 3. 2. Semi-structured interview Kumar (2011: 278) explained the process as following: -Identifying the main theme -assign cedes to the main theme -classify responses under the main theme Integrate themes and responses into the text of your report 4. 4. Limitation Qualitative research Quantitative research The references -Marketing research within a changing information, Hair Joseph et al, 2003) – Research metho ds for business students, Mark saunders et al, London,2012 -Marketing research, Alvin c Burns et al, New Jersey, 2006 – Basic Marketing research, Naresh K Malhotra et al, New Jersey, 2006 – Marketing research, Thomas C Kinnear, U. S. A, 1996 – Marketing research, Kumar, Gorge, 2011, third edition, London, sage publication -business research methods, Boris Blumberg et al, 2008, – Business research methods, Teresa brannick et al,1997,u. c. -research and writing dissertation, Colin fish, 2004,U. K -management research, Mark smith, 2008, London -Cross-Cultural Evaluation Laczniak, Gene R. , Journal of Public Policy ; Marketing, 07439156, Spring93, Vol. 12, Issue -http://www. learnmarketing. net/ethicalmarketing. htm – Marketing to children, Sharon Beder, Citation: Sharon Beder, New College Institute for Values Research, Sydney, 1998, pp. 101-111 – American Market associationhttp://www. marketingpower. com/_layouts/Dictionary. aspx? dLetter=M â⠂¬â€œ The myth of the ethical consumer – do ethics matter in purchase behaviour? Marylyn Carrigan, Ahmad Attalla, (2001) Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18 Iss: 7, pp. 60 – 578 -Marketing Ethics: Onward Toward Greater Expectations. Laczniak, Gene R. Journal of Public Policy ; Marketing. Spring93, Vol. 12 Issue 1, p91-96. 6p. -Marketing ethics: is there more to it than the utilitarian approach? Jacques Nantel; William A. Weeks. European Journal of Marketing, Jan 1, 1996, Vol. 30, Issue 5 – Paul Cowell, The Marketing Review, 2001, 2, 71-87 – Marylyn Carrigan, Svetla Marinova, Isabelle Szmigin, (2005) â€Å"Ethics and international marketing: Research background and challenges†, International Marketing Review, Vol. 22 Iss: 5, pp. 481 – 493 -: Twedt, Dik Warren. Journal of Marketing. Oct63, Vol. 27 Issue 4, p48-50. 3p. Children and business: pluralistic ethics of marketers,Michelle Bergadaa, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, HEC †“ University of Geneva, Geneva, – Sharpen up your soft options. Batham, Matthew, Caterer ; Hotelkeeper; 10/14/2004, Vol. 193 Issue 4345, p70-70, 1p, 1 Color Photograph -Business of ethics, Laura P. Hartman,2005, third edition. -Business of ethics, John Fraedrich, Linda Ferrell, 4 edition,2000. -Ethics and conduct of business, John R Boatright,2006,5edition -Business ethics, Andrew Crane, 2007, 2 edition. Appendixes Appendix1 Letter asking for an Interview Dear I am completing a master in Marketing with Dublin Business School and I am setting up a research. You are invited to participate in a research study.The purpose of this study is to understand the reactions of the customers towards the marketing for ignoring the safety and health in children soft drinks. I am asking you to help me by allowing an interview to discuss about this issue. I would like to share your opinions and ideas about the above subject the interview will take about 15 minutes. Could you please contact me or give another contact which could be able to answer my questions. Your participation is vital for the study, for my dissertation and for my graduation If you have any quiries please feel free to contact me on 0851229419 or by Email at [email  protected] com I hope to hear from you soon Thank you for taking time to help Fawzi alshike 9 drinaghmore court Ballyogan Appendix 2 A letter asking to fill the questionnaire Dear allI am completing a master in Marketing with Dublin Business School and I am setting up a research. You are invited to participate in a research study. The purpose of this study is to understand the reactions of the customers towards the marketing for ignoring the safety and health in children soft drinks. So I am asking for your help in completing the enclosed questionnaires which is part of my research. Your response is important in enabling me to obtain as full as understanding as possible of this topical issue. The questionnaire should only take about 5 mi nutes to complete. Please ensure the questions in the space provided. If you want to add further comments, please feel free to do so.Your participation is vital for the study, for my research and for my graduation. Please send me back the questionnaire to my personal Email. Pleas fill out the questionnaire by the 20 of this month. Thank you for taking time to help me. Fawzi alshike [email  protected] com Appendix 3 Outline of my literature review 1- The marketing ethics concepts and theories 2- The negative side on marketing for ignoring the health and safety in children soft drink Appendix 4 Timetable management 1 –their opinion about the health and safety in children soft drink 3- is marketing responsible for this ethical issue 4- -what should marketing do to tackle the problem –