Developments in SEN )Special Educational Needs Essay

Developments in SEN )Special Educational Needs - Essay ExampleThis onset concentrated on difference rather than normality, on sickness rather than well being, and specifically on the problem affecting the child. In doing so, children acquired medically diagnosed groups, which accentuate on deficit rather than potential (Jones 2003, p.9). Therefore, in the early 20th century education for children with special needs used the strategy of separate, special schools for children notion to need such schools. In addition, psychometric analysis by early psychologists supported the use of special schools. In 1944, a number of reforms were done on the education system. The majority of the reforms were towards the mainstream education and the availability of free education for all. In addition, the 1944 education reforms also addressed particular aspects of education for education for children with special needs. However, the approach, and explanation of children with special requirements w as not as sufficient as its requirements for education in general (Hodkinson & Vickerman 2009, p.23). The 1944 Act still relied on the medical model of disability. Under this Act, 11 categories of handicap were identified, and children belonging to those categories were identified based on their desired treatment. The use of unique schools to educate children with special needs remained the most desired approach, although less recognition was paid to the provision of education in mainstream schools. The 1944 Act continued to refer to children with a disability of mind or body, and focused on special schools to ply for handicapped children (Jones 2003, pg 13). Through the 1960s and 1970s, education for children with special needs shifted towards an approach favored by behaviorist psychologist. An example of psychologist who played a crucial portion in shaping education for children with special needs was Lois Malaguzzi who spent much his time understanding how children learn. Thi s approach focused on the need to apply operant conditioning techniques. Experts refused the medical model and campaigned for an approach that applied only what that could be observed. The approach was criticized by some behaviorist terming it a significant weakness. However, the reforms were precise indispensable because they emphasized on the possibility to modify the problems of children with special needs. In addition, the reforms placed the responsibility to the teacher as one way of ensuring that the reforms became effective (DfES, 2004). The behaviorist techniques appeargond very effective in dealing with particular difficulties such as self help skills. On the other hand, they were seen as less effective in assisting children with duties that call for more understanding. It is evident that the 1960s and 70s created a way for new approaches to special needs. During this period, attitudes towards special education started to change, and in some sections the behaviorist ini tiatives caused the teaching of children with learning problems appear more accessible to teachers in mainstream schools. In connection to this, Vygotsky who was a renowned education theorist, once pointed out that most essential learning by a child happens through social interaction with the help of a skillful tutor. Similar sentiments were put forward by John Dewey who argued that learning and education are interactive and social processes, and the school remains to be a social institution whereby social

READING GUIDE FOR EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPORTUNITY AND THE CRITERION Assignment

READING GUIDE FOR EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPORTUNITY AND THE CRITERION OF EQUAL EDUCATIONAL WORTH - Assignment ExampleA. The question of equal access arises when viewed from the spirit level of view of track and gender. In the formal structure of educational institutions, no bias exists in admission/imparting education on the basis of race and gender. Such institutions provide chance to all students and foster racial and gender equality. Legally sanctioned racial barriers are non-existent.B. The goal of equal educational opportunity needs to transcend the legal boundaries of equality. Equal access is not a self-contained stage. According to Howe extraneous psychological and social factors can impact a persons educational opportunities. The author cites an example supporting his viewpoint For example, the educational opportunities that a monolingual Chinese-speaking child enjoys in a school that is conducted only if in English are hardly equal to those that a monolingual English-s peaking child enjoys.(Howe, 330) As such the system of equal educational opportunities is more than important than the features of educational institutions.C. The characteristics that an individual brings to the institution should be utilized in such a manner so that it stands to benefit the other students and the institution as a whole. It should not be considered as a problem but should be converted into an opportunity. As such interaction between individuals and educational institutions assumes importance. equality attains new dimensions.A. Treating differentially is inclusive of the concept of treating equal. The author substantiates this statement by stating, In terms of the preceding example, showing equal respect for the needs, interests and capabilities of monolingual Chinese-speaking children requires that they be treated differently than English-speaking children.(Howe, 330)B. Some of the characteristics that disadvantage people and need to be

Arizona Immigration Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

azimuth Immigration rightfulness - Research Paper ExampleSection 2.8b. States For every lawful contact made a reasonable attempt shall be made, when practicable, to determine the immigration status of the person. (Senate research). This is crucial as it seeks to protect the rights of lawful immigrants in the country. Section 3.f. clarifies this by stating This section does non apply to a person who maintains authorization from the federal government to remain in the United States. The constitution requires that governments protect their citizens from crimes such as burglary and foreign pledge threats. By enacting the immigration law, Arizona legislators acted in accordance with the constitution to protect the citizens. The law seeks to manipulate potential national threats from immigrants in possession of deadly weapons and anything that sight be used in executing terror attacks. The country suffers a security threat from mislabeled immigrants who might commit crimes and unde rtake terrorist attacks hence any legislation against them is much welcomed. In the US federal prisons, 25% of the inmates are illegal aliens, and 12% of total felonies and 25% of burglaries can be attri aloneed to illegal aliens. The Arizona immigration law prevents law enforcement officers from color discriminations when contacting people. It provides that for one to be conducted he or she must have committed a crime. This acts, if implemented as intended, to curb racial profiling. It would be in concordant with the Fourth Amendment of the US Constitution, which states The right of the people to be sterilize in their persons, houses, papers and effects. Being secure in their persons means that no one will be subject to discrimination by the mere fact that they are white or black, but they will have to muck up the law for a contact to be made. The provision for a person to fill a legal suit if thither is an adopted or implemented policy that hinders or limits the enforcement of t he Federal Immigration Laws means the enforcers will feel compelled at all times to act so as to ensure the aliens are kept at bay. This will act in the benefit of the citizens and the legal aliens to keep away the negative effects associated with these illegal immigrants, some being severe such as rapes, theft, burglary and terror. In addition, this law necessitates the removal of more law breakers from will Arizona. According to the US constitution, separately states citizens are entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of citizens in the other states. Some of these privileges include employment opportunities. In line to this, the Arizona Immigration Law (SB 1070) requires all employers to properly scrutinize their potential employees before hiring them through the e-verification in order to ensure they are legal in the country. This provision prevents the illegal immigrants from pickings away jobs from the citizens and hence, a beneficial one. It further requires employers to k eep a record of the employee for at least three months and further stipulates that incase an employer has hired an illegal emigrant, he or she should be aligned in a court of law. It also gives the state the right to suspend or terminate business licenses whenever the business entities violate this legislation. This strongly defends the US citizens privilege to access job opportunities in their states. It can also be argued that the Arizona Immig

Dalit Discourse in Indian Education Dhanaraju Vulli Essay Example for Free

Dalit Discourse in Indian upbringing Dhanaraju Vulli EssayAbstract in that location be two types of schooling scheme India in the issue of medium of friendship i.e the regional verbiage system and the slope linguistic communication system. There is a clear cut division between the focal ratios castes elite minorren and Dalit infantren in getting of position medium schooling in Indian society. The Dalits children are given didactics in regional spoken communication schools while position terminology school nurture is meant for the velocity castes children. This division has always been reflecting between government and private side of meat medium schools. In the name of m separate tongue the state and the upper caste elite always compel the regional medium of instruction in the policy making. This was one of the current problems in Indian Educational system. This paper can be disjointd into four parts. The set-back part will set off the lyric poem poli cy after Indian Independence.The second part discusses the concept of produce tongue and its grandness in the contextualizing of nurtureal discourse in India. In the tertiary part I would highlight the current debate on language policy and its importance in the Indian educational system. This is very most-valuable in the understanding of politics of medium of language in the present educational discourse. The last part deals with the response of the Dalits towards the position education and how they attack the upper caste character towards regional medium education. In an attempt to locate the importance of educational policy in the wider socio-historical and governmental context, I will overlay anideological deconstruction of politics of mother tongue in the present Indian educational system.Keywords English education, language, mother tongue, globalization.IntroductionThe question as to which language should be used as a medium of instruction in country like India is a deba table subject. The question is frequently posed in binary landmarks Should the medium of instruction be a regional language or English? wording is a vehicle for learning as well as expression of ideas. An advanced language (English) helps in ment each(prenominal)y provide people tocommunicate each other across the world. On the other hand, an underdeveloped language has its limitations. It keeps people underdeveloped, more so those in deprived sections. The school system is disjointd into two types in the context of medium of instruction i.e the regional language system and the English language system. There is a clear cut division between theuppers castes elite children and Dalit children in getting of English medium education in Indian society. The dalitscholderns are given education in regional language schools while English language school education is meant for the upper castes children. This division has always been reflecting betweengovernment and private English medium s chools. In the name of mother tongue the state and the upper caste elite always compel the regional medium of instruction in the policy making. This was one of the current problems in Indian Educational system.India. In the third part I will highlight the current debate on language policy and its importance in the Indian educational system. This is very grievous in the understanding of politics of medium of language in the present educational discourse. The last part discusses the response of the Dalits towards the English education and how they attack the upper caste nature towards role of mother tongue in the Indian education .In an attempt to locate the importance of educational policy in the wider sociohistoricaland political context, I will address an ideological deconstruction of politics of mother tongue in the present Indian educational system.Historical View of the Language Policy in IndianEducationThe historical view of the evolution of the language policy in India let kn ow us how the importance of English and its role in Indian Education. India is multilingual country. It has been reflecting in the formulation of the language policy. The Indian constitution has provided that the primary education must be taught through the mother tongue or regional language.However, a status survey of language instruction in the country exposed that of the 1652 mother tongues listed by the 1961Census, there are 51 languages which are spoken by more than The present paper can be divided into four parts. The first part 100,000 people each. Of these 51 languages, 16 have no script of will highlight the language policy after Indian Independence. their own, and only the remaining 35 languages are recognised as The second part discusses the concept of mother tongue and its media of instruction at the school level1. English is a common importance in the contextualizing of educational discourse inlanguage and it is an obligatory language in the higher education The Nationa l Council of EducationalDocumented the demand and importance of English language inthe position paper in connection with the National Curriculum The Indiangovernment has been following three-language Framework (2005) as they stated English in India today is a formula in Education as the National Commission on Education symbol of peoples aspirations for feeling in education and fuller 1964-1966 recommended. Subsequently three-language formula participation in national and outside(a) life The level of in Education was reflected in the National Education Policies of introduction of English has now become a matter of political 1968 and 1986.The Commission said that the three-language response to peoples aspirations, rendering almost unsuitable an system is an appropriate formula for the Indian school education academic debate on the merits of a very early introduction. and it can be good approach to accommodate different language The Commission to a fault mentioned that English will continue to people but it has been criticized by the different sections in the enjoy a high status so long as it remains the principal medium of society on the implementation. The Dravidain movement in education at the university stage, and the language of Tamilnadau is the preeminent instance as they vehemently administration at the Central Government and in many of the states. Even after the regional languages become media ofopposed the imposition of Hindi language on south India.Higher education in the universities, a working association of There is no proper planning for formulating language policy in English will be a valuable asset for any students and a India. It can be seen as a question of status planning rather than reasonable proficiency in the language will be necessary for achievement planning. Finally, the three- language formula has those who proceed to the university. been emerged as a policy after elaborate debates and discussions among political and academic peop les with interest of national However, there is controversial about the English as a medium of instruction in Indian educational system. The contradiction of multilingual languages.The National Focus Group on Teaching of English has taken astrong position in connection with English language question The Central Advisory Board on Education also discussed on the English is in India today a symbol of peoples aspiration for issue of English language and recommended that English must fictitious character in education and a fuller participation in national and be compulsory subject in the schools from 6th class onwards and international life. Its colonial origins now forgotten or students must acquire enough knowledge of English so as to be irrelevant, its initial role in independence India, tailored to high able to receive education through this English in the higher education now felt to be insufficiently inclusive socially and education. There is another development took place in the linguistically, the current state of English stems from its development of language policy in India. The first National overwhelming presence on the world stage and the reflection of Education Commission had studied the recommendations given this in the national arena4. by the Central Advisory Board on Education.Finally they came up with conclusion that three-language formula must be included There is an astonishing faith among all sections of the society in in the context ofmultilingual Indian educational system. I moot both rural and urban areas that English has the transformative that once upon a time the English language was burning(prenominal) part of power language. English is seen not just as a skill language, but a mechanism of exclusion language due to upper caste as a means of a better life, a pathway out of exclusion and nationalists beingness as they differentiated native language and suppression from the unequal society. The English language has alien language but n ow it can be seen as a tool of inclusion. In emerged as a powerful agent for social change in India. the post modern India the English language is important factor to include all the sections of Indian society. The main reason is an Mother Tongue as the mean(a) of Instruction increasing demand for the language which is an important tool There is a popular perspective that advocates the use of mother for the progress and development of the country.Encourage linguistic diversity in schools. This perspective argue that mother tongues are not merely speech varieties but arelanguages that provide social and emotional identity toindividuals, express the essence of their cultures, and give them a sense of rootedness. Schooling in the language of the child reflects respect for her and an appreciation of her culture. The exclusion of the mother tongues from school hence is seen as harmful to the childs self esteem.According to Pattanaik5 children are thereby reduced tominorities in their o wn homes. Extending the realm ofpedagogy, the argument links the acknowledgement andacceptance by the school of the language and culture of the child to a positive identity of self and thereby to effective educational achievement. As Edward says, the rejection of a childs language is unlikely to enhance feelings of self worth which are important for educational success6. Further, this perspective argues that the right to education in a language that the child understands is a basic world right and an essential ingredient of equality in education. Pattanaik forcefully observes that to control and dictate the language of access to knowledge is a positive suppression of human talent. It deprives individual and society of free choices, curbs creativity and innovativeness and restricts participation or potential participation in multiple spheres of human interaction, thus imposing limits on freedom.Current Debate on Medium of InstructionCurrent language politics in India is an exemplary shell of the issues and controversies surrounding linguistic globalization. A primary characteristic of linguistic globalization is the increasing spread and domination of the English language, which we cancapture by the term global English8. As a post-colonial democracy, India provides a context for examining linguistic globalization that is generalizable to other cases. Furthermore, in juxtaposition to the homogenizing tendency of global English, India embraces multilingualism its federal system is based on its linguistic diversity.Indias first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, a modernsocialist at heart and one of the premier leaders at the 1955 Bandung conference, was utterly convinced of this linkagebetween the English language and technology and modernity9.Yet he also discovered India through its rich and enduring diversity. He valued the adivasi, or tribal, cultures of India as much as, if not morethan, for example, the Bengali bhadralok, an early middle-class intelligentsi a that emerged under colonial The Chennai Declaration (2012) has emphasized the importance rule. of mother tongue in the multi-lingual country like India as One 10of the significant commonalties of the Common School System As well documented by Robert King (1998), Nehru, as well as will be the plurality of mother tongues in dynamic interface with many others feared that the major regional languages of multilingualism of childs neighborhood. This would duly independent India, such as local languages, could be divisive by include Braille and other sign languages as well. According to fomenting narrow identities, leading to fissiparous tendencies this radical and dynamic conception of language education, that could tear India apart. The narrative of English as the mother tongue with a multi-lingual interface is acknowledged as language of modernity and regional languages such as regional the most potent medium of education to enable the child to i. as pre-modern, parochial and even re actionary was well given the nostalgia forthink, analyze and act ii. acquire, internalize and transform established in Nehruvian India.Today, modern language knowledge critically iii. Learn other the caliber of Nehrus leadership , such Nehruvian narratives languages, including English, proficiently iv.catalyze cultural still resonate. Indeed, many of Indias political and economic and literary renaissance v. Negotiate with the dominant process leaders today espouse the Nehruvian language ideology. of alienation with advantage, thereby avoiding being pushed-out and vi. Question and resist oppression and look for the path of Nandan Nilekani, the co-founder of Infosys Company has put it in India today English is a symbol of an economy comes ofage12. It is the language of international business, science and This approach believes in quality education. The quality research. In contrast, Nilekani depicts supporters of Kannada in education begins with mother tongue.Mother tongue is very th e English-versus-Kannada controversy aschauvinistic and important that gives high levels of ability in learning many ideologically and politically motivated. As part of Nilekanis languages in India. Indian constitution also acknowledged the accusation of the ideological nature of pro-Kannada forces is the importance of mother tongue language as the National Curricular claim that they are denying access to English to those who have Framework, 2005 and the Right of Children to free and historically been the have-nots in Indian society, in particular the Compulsory Education Act, 2009 provided the mother tongue as lower-castes and the lowest-of-the low, the Dalits or tool for development critical thinking. However, for most Untouchables. children, especially for the tribal and minority languagechildren, there is no provision for education in the mother This language ideology of English as a skill, a key or tongue. Education of such children imposes an unfamiliar school passport critica l for upward mobility fits in with a larger language on them, which often leads to large scale dropouts. narrative on globalization. This globalization narrative depicts Mother tongue based multilingual education for at least 6 to 8 globalization as inevitable, a force on its own with no one or noentity directing or controlling it. Globalization, in this narrative, regional language schools cannot therefore think of achieving is an autonomous, invisible hand process. The linguistic anything in the globalised economy. dimension of this process is one where English is seen as neutral Accordingly, the divide between the English medium schools and inevitably spreading globally.The regional language schools is a caste-class divide, which In this context, one of the most prominent public intellectuals in can be overcome by the marginalized hijacking the tool of India today, Ramachandra Guha differs with Nandan Nilekani exclusion, English17. As the leaders of a Dalit Association in and cla im that support for Kannada is not chauvinistic, exclude Hyderabad Central University, put it The middle class and the when the private sector is obligated, or forced, to use it. It is rich can afford to send their children to private schools. For the legitimate and thusly preferable for the government to endorse poor and Dalit, the only option is government schools. Then why and approve of changing the official name of Bangalore to the these people were denied an fortune to learn English18. For more Kannadiga Bengaluru, according to Guha it is not these Dalit leaders, those opposing English in state schools are legitimate for regional language enthusiasts to economically regressive and biasedEnglish, and the pro-English linguistic disenfranchise migrants from other parts of India, as for example globalization narrative, are seen as empowering the powerless pro-Marathi fanatics in Bombay have attempted A similar, and a necessary tool for upward mobility. soft liberalism reasoning seems to have been the basis for the Karnatak High Court decision in the summer of 2008 against the In the primaeval schools the medium of instruction is where the state government mandating Kannada as the medium of upper castes and other central government employee children get instruction in private schools13. The lawcourts decision repeatedly the education. Even though the children of a few reserved referred to the freedom of parents to make choices for their category employees children benefit from these schools, the children, i.e., the freedom of the individual and, by extension, divide between the English medium schools and the regional the market based on individual choices.Language schools is a caste or class divide based on social and economic category. The divide itself was created by upper caste More recently, Kannada activists have been seeking classical intellectuals for their own vested interest. Since the days of language status for Kannada-a further central govern mental Indian national movement the upper caste intelligentsia argued categorization. This is the political space opened up for investmentthat the colonial rule particularly Lord Thomas Macaulay had Kannada speakers with the moral content of a community. In introduced English education that convert local people into other words, to act politically, i.e., to make political claims, clerks to serve in colonial government. The real character of the regional language activists need to build community, and invest English education was emphasized by Lord Machulay often that community with moral content.There is indeed Kannada quoted flourish India in blood and the colour but European in chauvinists who preach an exclusive Kannadiga identity14, task and manner, the educational enterprise of the Government giving a divisive and dangerous15 or particularist at all levels of education remained within the confines of protectionist content to their politics. But we need not condemn colonial nee ds and did not break the limits of colonial interest. all pro-local language politics as such. Language politics in India With this concept, colonial education elevated western is contested because of the moral content with which many local knowledge and culture that represented the colonizer. For language activists have been able to imbue the community, i.e., instance, Grants, the East India Company officer stated that for with a political transformation that is empowering and moral. the continuation of British rule it was necessary to create a class of Indians that people brought about only from the western knowledge. This perhaps, was a natural consequence of the ideas Dalit Discourse on Medium of InstructionReferences17. Aggarwal Kailash S., English, Laloo a Bihari Story, The Independent, (Bombay), 23rd September, (1993)Chaturvedi M.G and Mahel B.V., Position of Languages inSchool Curriculum in India, NCERT, New Delhi, (1976)18. Interview with Mr. Gummadi Prabhakar and Dara Suma nleaders of Ambedkar Students Association, HyderabadAgarwal S.P. (ed )., Commissions and Committees in India,Central University, Hyderabad, go out 12th May, (2013)Vol. 5, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, (1993)Government of India., Report of the National Knowledge 19. Terry Eagleton, Ideology,( Longman, New York), 13,(1996)Commission, New Delhi, (2007)NCERT National Council of Educational Research and 20. Dalit freedom Network http//www.nd Dalit network. org/go?/dfn/about/C33/, Accessed on 22 May, (2013)Training, National Focus Group Position Paper onTeaching of English, NCERT, New Delhi, 1, (2006)International wisdom Congress Association

Creative Writing (Story beginnings) Essay Example for Free

Creative Writing (Story beginnings) EssayA golden haze encircled the angels head and its torso glowed glaring neat against the drab dreary w every last(predicate) behind.Whats happe she willed her mouth to finish the sentence but it wouldnt obey so she gave up. She fought too against the stir force taking her external from the slightly damp pavement but as every ounce of resistance drained out of her limbs, she went limp and was comp permitely at its mercy. The final conceit that crossed her mind before it succumbed to the black cloud that eventually engulfed her was that she recognised this angel. *Elizabeth Anne Johnson Lizzie to her friends was a beautiful girl. With endless jet-black locks flowing down her back and strike features, she looked straight off a catwalk. Tonight she was wearing her favourite pale pink mini-dress with manicu expiration nails and dainty heels to match and with her perfect figure, she was more than able to carry it off. A combination of her s tunning looks and the confidence she exuded made every head turn when she walked past a fact of which she was well aware.Lizzie had spent all night in Brightons new trendiest nightspot Heaven. The place was heaving with bodies bouncy to the thundering beats pounding out of the state of the art stereo system. They were puppets dancing to the tune of the headphone-wearing headwaiter in the glass booth above. Fluffy white clouds were suspended from the ceiling, in keeping with the paradisiacal theme, and the strobe lighting completed the effect.The drinks were flowing and the atmosp here was voltaic just how Lizzie kindredd it and as she cast her chocolate- browned eyes around the dance floor a wave of euphoria swept over her. She felt as though she was perched on top of the world.Already tonight, she had received fifteen requests to buy her a drink a record even by her standards and had accepted s mention one. This was one more than usual though. She may have seemed like the happy-go-lucky fictitious character but appearances can be deceptive and she was quite the opposite. Lizzie, a season partygoer, was super cautious, especially after the lettersNevertheless, against her better judgement, she was drawn in by the hypnotic charms of this blonde-haired oddish and felt powerless to resist. His eyes were bottomless pools of do by blue and he had a passive, peaceful presence she trusted him immediately and completely.She began chatting to him and it suddenly dawned on her that she was telling her life story to a total stranger but she pushed the thought out of her mind just as quickly as it had surfaced. Besides with his crisp white shirt, soft voice and wide grin, he seemed harmless enough.Chapter One (2)The sun was playing hide and seek behind the rows of trees as Detective Flynn drove up to the Heaton mansion. He was filled with the giddy ecstasy of a man about to change his life. He knew how lucky he was to be here and that this case could pote ntially make or break his career.Flynn was extremely tall and so scrawny one feared he might blow over in a sudden gust of wind. Through the flaming red curtains flopping over his forehead, intense blue eyes peered out inquisitively. As the mansion came into view for the get-go time he was awestruck. Beyond the wrought iron gates, it stood lifesize and hand both(prenominal). It was a huge stone structure with countless windows glinting in the afternoon sun and set in acres of sprawling grounds, of which every go on was flawless. The only thing blemishing this perfect watercolour was the black and yellow police tape running the length of the building.The old rusty Ford Escort coughed and spluttered to a halt in the immaculate courtyard and with an almighty heave Flynn managed to force the door open. As he stepped out gravel crunched beneath his feet. He was spruced up in a pair of old faded Marks and Sparks jeans and looking around, was suddenly painfully aware of how old and fad ed they really were. He was too regretting the rest of his wardrobe choice. His slightly off-white shirt had a straight out of the laundry basket look and his black leather loafers hadnt seen a chuck of polish sincewell ever.Despite this, John Heaton greeted Flynn with a warm friendly handshake. The devil had been at school together and even though their lives had taken extremely variant paths, they had remained the best of friends. As he was being introduced to Heatons wife Claudia, the detective couldnt help but notice how much his friend had changed. A nervous and slightly inept teenager, John Heaton had become a confident self-assured 35 year-old. He now spoke with the eloquence and poise that only a multi-billionaire could. He was go down with expensive designer labels a far cry from the washed out tee shirts and baggy jeans of his adolescence. Money oozed out of his every pore.One thing, however, had definitely not changed. Observing the dreamy look that descended upon his face as he gazed at his wife, Flynn could tell his old chum was still a sucker for a fair girl. And this was one pretty girl 15 years his junior, actress Claudia Gilbert-Heaton was a blonde-haired, blue-eyed beauty. Yet, as she tentatively extended her perfectly manicured hand to shake his, Detective Flynn took an newsbreak disliking to her. Her broad smile was almost condescending and didnt reach her eyes, which were icy and distant.Im so pleased to ultimately meet you, she said, looking him up and down, staring pointedly at the ink stain on his shirt pocket. The disdainful look in her eyes betrayed her words and he could tell she was quite the opposite. The reason for this, he would briefly discoverChapter One (3)It screamed at me. Its waving arms taunted me as they jerked up and down and the smiley face was more of a sneering face. At that moment all I necessitateed to do was shatter it into a thousand pieces but it was so far away and my legs were still give out asleep . I picked a involute up sock up off the floor and with all the energy I could muster, sat up and launched it. It hit its intended destination with satisfying clunk and mercifully, the screaming desisted.Putting the bright yellow, Little Miss Sunshine alarm clock so far out of reach had been a pre-emptive strike by mother against my Sunday morning lie-in. Ha, I thought, shell have to recover of something better than that I managed the beginnings of a triumphant grin before, exhausted from my exertions, I slumped onto the low-set mattress and slid back into a peaceful slumber.Ten minutes later I heard the sprightly purposeful pounding that could only be her bounding up the stairs. She cleave through the door, wearing her mechanical cheery smile.Morning love, sleep well? Why arent you up yet, I heard the alarm go off ages ago? she asked, ruffling my unruly brown curls. She then marched over to the window, with unnatural liveliness considering the time and spread the curtains wide .Oh Mum, its too bright, I mumbled in complaint, raising an arm to shield my muddled eyes from the light. She ignored me.I sometimes think you wouldnt know an early morning if it came up and bit you on the behind. Now get up, Im sure youve can of work to do today and we dont want you falling behind now do we? she chirped, practically, it seemed, in unison with the birds outside.I need sleep, I whined, yearning for some pity. It didnt come.You shouldnt let sleep get in the way of things. Heaven knows I dont I cant. What would go along if I did? Nothing would get done around here thats what she tutted and continued with renewed vigour, Goodness, look at the state of this room Im sure youve forgotten what colour the carpet is This is not a positive working environment. How on earth can you get eitherthing done in here? She asked and without pausing for an answer, delved into the abyss that was my bedroom floor. She began sorting tidying and organising like an unstoppable whirlwind of efficiency, her neat blonde bob bouncing up and down. I merely lounged on the bed and watched on in amazement. Within minutes she had trans versioned the cluttered chaotic mess into a tidy, spruce bedroom.When she finished, she stood up, brushed some imaginary specks of dirt from her skirt and staring at my sprawled out figure, flashed me the look. Oh no, I groaned inwardly. It was the I-am-so-disappointed-you-didnt-turn-out-more-like-me look. This look was always followed by a stream of criticisms, of which most, to be fair, were usually quite accurate. I sighed and braced myself for the oncoming tirade.Literary Analysis of Story Beginning (1)When writing my own story opening, I tried to wasting disease techniques that would make the contributor want to read on.For example, I eviscerated the main geniuss appearance in detail so that the reader would be able to form a mental picture of her. Just from the first few paragraphs, the reader knows that she is a beautiful girl wi th endless jet black locks and chocolate brown eyes. The effect of this is to make the reader relate to her with empathy rather than objectivity because they feel they know her.I also tried to show her personality was sweet and kind. Her array and shoes are powder-pink and dainty. I also mentioned that she seemed like the happy-go-lucky type. I did this so the reader would like her and be affected by anything that may happen to her.I included her full name Elizabeth Anne Johnson so that the reader would feel like they were getting a complete picture of her. However, for the rest of the opening, I referred to her as Lizzie. This created a bond amid the reader and the character because she is Lizzie to her friends so the reader feels like her friend.It is written in the 3rd person narrative so the reader can get a full overview of all the events in the story.The narrative structure deviates. This creates suspense, as there is no development of the action in the first paragraph in th e rest of the opening.I purposely created a huge contrast between the eerie and spooky first paragraph and the rest of the opening, which seems like an ordinary night out, by using varying degrees of character and event commentary. In the first paragraph I did not use any description at all and just used non-specific terms like she. This was to create mystery and apprehension.In sharp contrast to this, I fully described character and events in the rest of the story. I began with telling the reader her full name so they felt they were being formally introduced. I then went on to describe her appearance, clothes what she is doing tonight she was wearing She had spent all night because I did none of this in the first paragraph.I did however make some links. For example, in the first paragraph, the words angel, uplifting and glowed are used. In the rest of the opening, the words Heaven, fluffy white clouds and euphoria are used. This is to create a link between the two parts of the sto ry and establish an ongoing theme of heaven and the supernatural.I also used a sense of vulnerability to link the two main characters. With the girl in the first paragraph it is obvious. I used carefully chosen vocabulary. She willed her mouthit wouldnt obey shows that she isnt even in control of her own body. She fought to against the uplifting forcewas completely at its mercy, her mindsuccumbed to the black cloud that eventually engulfed her. Also the word succumbed is quite passive.However the vulnerability in Lizzies character is subtler. At the end, she is drawn in by the stranger and feels powerless to resist. This links Lizzie and the girl but also the angel and the stranger because they hold the power in the respective relationships.I think the links make the reader want to read on because its like giving them some pieces of a puzzle. They can see some of the picture so they read on so they can find the rest of it.To create further curiosity, the phrase especially after the letters is not explained at any point in the opening, forcing the reader to form their own opinion. The fact that she was extremely cautious especially after the letters makes the letters seem sinister and let the reader know they were a cause for concern. I used ellipsis at the end so show it is an unfinished thought and an unanswered question.I carefully chose vocabulary to foreshadow dramatic events. For example, on top of the world is a well-known phrase, which means in a position of great ecstasy or success. However I used the phrase perched on top of the world in my story opening. The word perched suggests instability and precariousness so implies that her mirth may be short lived.I also used the progression of time to create effect. The story begins with the girl trying to speak and then finally collapsing she willed her mouth to finish the sentence but it wouldnt obeysuccumbed to the black cloud that was threatening to engulf her and then goes to a lively vibrant expectat ion. I did this so the scene would seem like a flashback or a dream as we know the main character is unconscious. The strobe lighting in the scene adds to the dream-like quality.I tried to create an image of the setting (the club) being beautiful and pure. I did this by calling it heaven and using description like fluffy white clouds. I then used words like heaving with bodies thundering beats and pounding when describing the people and what they are doing to create a contrast. I did this to imply that clubbing itself is innocent enough but the people make it dangerous.I used alliteration in several places for effect. drab dreary wall emphasises how slack and grey the wall in contrast dazzling white of the angel, to to make it stand out more. In bodies all bouncing to the thundering beat, the b sound is repeated to try and mirror the beat of the music. I used the phrases bottomless pools of baby blue and passive, peaceful presence because they are quite soft sounds and I wanted to make the stranger seem calm and therefore contrast with the setting, which is electric.I used a metaphor They were puppets dancing to the tune of the headphone-wearing master in the glass booth above because it emphasises the submissive nature of the clubbers and the idea of a person wielding power over someone else. The issue of power is explored in many an(prenominal) different parts of the story.I also used repetition. The word seemed is used at the end the last paragraph. She may have seemed like the happy-go-lucky type but appearances can be deceptive and she was quite the opposite and he seemed harmless enough. This is to suggest that just because the stranger seems harmless he may be quite the opposite and to foreshadow him doing something harmful in the future. I put it in italics both times to add emphasis and draw the readers attention to it.In conclusion, I think the techniques I used were effective because there are unanswered questions right at the beginning, which ar e never answered and this appeals the curiosity of the reader, making them want to read on.

The American Dream Essay Example for Free

The American Dream EssayThe American Dream has a few interpretations, but one of the virtually public is Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness which is the ideate that most Americans strive for. In simpler terms, The American Dream is the probability of the pursuit of freedom, opportunity, and satisfaction of needs and wants. As Thomas Wolfe said, to every(prenominal) man, regardless of his birth, his shining, golden opportunity the right to live, to work, to be himself, and to be number whatever thing his manhood and his vision can combine to make him (Wolfe2). This quote explains how everyone in the United States gets the right to fulfill this American Dream to function as a member of modern day society and to pursue his or her hopes and dreams. If you come to America underprivileged or destitute, then you have the chance to turn that around through hard work and determination. As the explanation of the term states, everyone has the opportunity to achieve the Amer ican Dream, depending on how much effort they put in or how fortunate they are.In other words, some people will be able to work hard, achieve their dreams, while others will work hard, and not end up being fortunate enough to complete their goals. In most case, everyones American dream is not the same some people have different careers in which they would want to follow. Over time, the American Dream has changed more than it is not any more talk a tear freedom it is more about their personal belonging and etc stuff that people would need to make their American dream come true.Four years have passed during this shot and the Depression has taken its toll. Braddock has lost his savings, can scarcely get $30 a bout and then has his license taken away after fighting with a broken hand. Work is short on the New Jersey docks and arbitrarily appoint and Jim is threatened with his starving children being handed over by their devoted mother to relatives that are more prosperous. The ultimat e humiliation comes when he goes cap in hand to the gathering place of fight promoters, begging for the money to pay his utility bills.Then, in 1934, his old manager, Joe Gould, also facing penury but urgently keeping up materialistic appearances, gets him a one-off fight at the Garden, filling in after a last-minute cancellation. He is expected to lose to a promising newcomer, but he scores a surprise knockout. Because the fight is on the lower half of a card the night Max Baer embarrassed realness champion Primo Carnera, his performance attracts attention.Gould persuades a cynical promoter to exploit the publicity generated by this underdog and two fights later Braddock is an unlikely contender for the world title now held by Baer, the strongest puncher of his generation, a man who had killed two opponents. As we know, Braddock won. The long-standing appeal of A Raisin in the Sun lies in the fact that the familys dreams and aspirations for a better life are not confined to the ir race, but can be identified with by people of all backgrounds.Even though what that better life may look like is different for each character, the underlying motivation is universal. The central conflict of the play lies in Walters notion of this American dream. Walter buys into the middle-class ideology of materialism. The notion of the self-made man who starts with nothing and achieves great wealth through hard work seems innocuous enough, but the idea can gravel pernicious if it evolves into an idolization of wealth and power.In the beginning, Hansberry shows how Walter envies Charlie Atkins dry-cleaning business because it grosses $100,000 a year. He ignores Ruths objection to his potential business partners questionable character and dismisses his mothers moral objection to achieving his goals by running a liquor store. The liquor store is a means to an end, and Walter is desperate for his dreams to come to fruition. That same Machiavellian ethic is demonstrated when Walter plans to accept Mr.Lindners offer. Walter is not concerned with the degrading implications of the business deal. It is simply a way to recover some of the lost money. However, Hansberry challenges Walters crude interpretation of the American dream by forcing him to very carry out the transaction in front of his son. Walters inability to deal with Mr. Lindner marks a significant revision of his interpretation of the American dream, a dream that inherently prioritizes justice and equality over money.

Community services over imprisonment for minor non violent crimes

Community advantages over imprisonment for insignificant non boisterous crimesAs the Prison system is over leveled, judges ar giving Community Service Sentences instead of imprisonment for Minor Non-Violent Crimes. Will this be good for the decree in the long run?Offences that are defined as Minor Non-Violent Offences are those that are against the law but are not usually viewed as serious enough to be taken to the court if through with(p) in one case or twice (Notton, 2010). An example of non violent offence is burglary or motor vehicle theft. Community Service is an alternative of imprisonment imposed by the Court for minor non violent crimes. Community value is an unpaid work for the criminal so that he can repay the debt to the society for committing the offense (An tSeirbhis Phromhaidh The Probation Service, n.d.). Community service can also be a job for which any particular singular can volunteer for. An example of a federation service is cleaning up the environment. Giving community service sendences instead of imprisonment for minor non-violent crimes would be good for the society in the long run because the criminal will get a second detect in carriage, it will reduce the burden on the prison system and society will value from community service. However individuals may take advantage of the system by taking in addition long to complete their community service work, although people expertness try to take advantage, if the work is d wholeness slowly then the criminals will be in earnest punished.Everybody piddles mistakes, while others dont bother to make it remediate, some people want a second chance at smell which authority that people who have done wrong, will get another chance to right themselves and to be an active member to the society. Giving them something to do will also help them see the positives of life and fabricate better citizens to the society as a whole. It will also give them a chance to right their wrongs. This ca n give them an improved life and can help them carry on with it. People that commit petty crimes such(prenominal) as stealing or drug dealing should not be locked up for good because they deserve a second chance at life again. Thats why community service is offered. Various programs are available such as SLAP, for Sheriffs Labor Assistance Program which help out local sheriffs in small towns all over (Worth, 1998). In Savannah, GA, Randall Moutrie was caught dealing drugs and was convicted to jail. He was devoted the option of doing community service which he did, and he said It made me get better and stronger in my life (Ruberti, 2010). This shows that community service does help mortal figuring out what there is to life and how they can relive it. Another example is Berlynn Cottom who was a drug and alcohol addict. Being convicted, she was given the chance to right her wrongs and attend mental and physical rehab. In the process, she would have to complete hours of community serv ice. After the intensive program she said that it had given her a new positioning on life and that she got more respect in the community. It also helped her realize that there is more to life than just doing drugs (Ruberti, 2010). Community service can be offered to non violent crime offenders because some dont have the money to pay for the fines. Rather than being imprisoned for small crimes, they can become active members of society by helping out the community. This can motivate them to becoming better citizens and also to have a brighter future. Other offenders could also be motivated to show an reside to daily life. With having community service, they can find something that they want to do or keep up for the rest of their lives. It can keep them busy and also to become better role models to other offenders. With having completed the community service program, offenders can look forward to a better lifestyle by reducing the turning of repeat offenders who return to jail aft er being unable to adapt to life outside of jail, said Moses Wright (n.d.). Jail time not only affects the criminals apiece but also affects their families. As strange as it may sound, many of these criminals, when imprisoned have their children following their footsteps. This would help turn their lives around and look forward to an improved life with dignity and respect.The prison system is overburdened with the subjugate of inmates they take in, most of which are charged and sentenced to jail for non- violent crimes. Keeping these inmates leads to an ontogeny in the cost of the presidential terms, as they have to provide them with place, food and sometimes required medical attention. As mentioned in the BBC news magazine With the prison people rising, along with the cost of keeping people locked up, ministers have indicated they want to see fewer people serving short jail terms (McFarlane, 2010). Sentencing to community service not only provides an individual with work to do but also gives them an opportunity to pay back the community. According to an article in the Harvard Crimson, the government be for maintaining a prisoner is about $20,000 each year, the money tax payers give to the government provides these inmates with all the facilities and shelter. Prisons are congested cells that are designed to hold one prisoner now hold more than one (Joseph, 1986). Californias prison crises in August 2009 broke out a 11 hour riot, but causes where unknown, Barry Krisberg electric chair of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency in California mentioned that overcrowding is the primary issue with hundreds of men moved into triple bunks which were used for gyms and cafeteria (Stateman, 2009). As stated by Florida Department of Corrections the daily cost of locking up an inmate is spent on protecting them and ensuring medical services, the residual is spent on garments, educating and nutrition them (2009). Prison spaces are limited, they should be kept for criminals that are violent and a danger to society, with the population skyrocketing in these prisons the government cannot afford to build more cells particularly, imputable to the economic situation. Furthermore individuals convicted to non-violent offenses such as forgery, DUI, and robbery convey not be sentenced to long jail times , there are alternatives community service, digest arrests and fines. The conditions in these cells are appalling, because of which most inmates suffer from ill health. Moreover there is a chance that individuals (inmates) will be affected psychologically and emotionally in an adverse manner. Professor Craig Haney of the University of California, Santa Cruz explains that When prison environments become unduly painful, they also become harmful, and prisoners carry the effects or consequences of that harm back into the free world once they have been released. Thus, bad prisons are not only unpleasant or uncomfortable they can be destructive as wel l (n.d). In pose to reduce the crammed situation, judges should decrease the number of non-violent prison inmates and parolees they sentence to jail. Prisons dont always reform prisoners. If anything, inmates become better criminals in prison, learning the tricks of the trade from the pros (Joseph, 1986).Society which is deteriorating with eld and years passing by can benefit tremendously by the community services from these criminals. Community service will not only make them realise there mistake, but will also give them a chance to make it right by giving it back to society. This way government does not have to look for paid labour to do these community services when they can get it for free. Many non-profit organisations are always in the need of volunteers for their campaigns and community work. Government could use their services in renovating building, keeping society clean and construction work. For exampleDuring 2008, criminals performed 48,484 hours of free labour at var ious nonprofit organization organizations and on county road litter pick-up details, according to statistics compiled by the district attorneys office. The figure represents a 16.6 percent increase over the hours compiled in 2007(Hessler, 2009).During 2008, prisoners, dressed in chromatic jumpsuits, spent a total of 4,354 hours picking up litter along state, county and township roads. On Route 422, inmates worked 558 hours, while they worked 240 hours along Route 100. Inmates put in 87 hours on Route 363, about 60 hours on Route 29, 487 hours on Route 476 and 135 hours on Route 113, according to county records (Hessler, 2009).Governments waste millions of dollars and rare lifetime of these criminals by sending them to prison when they could be helping the society in many ways. Due to current recession it will also benefit the countrys economical status by decreasing the sentence of such criminals. Furthermore natural disasters like flood and earthquake leave devastating trails, h elp from these criminals could be taken in cleaning up and rebuilding the affected areas. Earthquake in Canterbury and flood in Cumbria are examples of such community services (TVNZ, 2010). These non-violent criminals when are exposed to the prison life become even more violent. In the long run it will benefit the society by reducing the number of violent crimes. Moreover community service for prisoner is no doubt a positive approach as it would help improve the living measuring rod of society. As many of these crimes are minor so imprisonment would alienate them from society.However many individuals who have been given community service order might take too long to complete the number of hours of work, showing up late or not show up at all to their session. This means that they are trying to take advantage of the system. For example, in Scotland criminals have taken over 2 years to complete 250 hours of community service work (STV collection plc, 2010). If the criminals are caugh t violating the rules of the system they could be charged with high fines and severe consequences such as house arrest or they will be imprisoned.Giving community service sentences instead of imprisonment for minor non-violent crimes would be good for the society in the long run because the criminal will get a chance to undo their wrong and let them do something productive, it will reduce overcrowded prisons and will help the society improve without extra expenses. However the individual might overstep the rules by taking too long to finish his quota of hours for community service work, if the criminal is found to be guilty of violating the rules he will be sent to the prison again or will be fined. Furthermore individuals convicted to minor non-violent offenses should not be imprisoned, there are alternatives such as community service or fines which are better than imprisonment and benefit the society more, this is why the governments should take the initiative to start giving out community service for minor non violent crimes rather than imprisoning the criminals.